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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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oligospermia
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1/30 men
normal sperm count: 20-200 million/ml count is less than 20 million/ml Can have genetic cause (y chromosome) |
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antisperm antibodies
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blood-testes prevents antibodies from getting to sperm
if barrier is broken, immune response can resu |
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infertility
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inability to conceive after 1 year without contraceptives
1/6 couples have trouble concieving in US 90% physical basis 30% male infertility 60% female infertility 20% both |
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varicose vein in scrotum
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too much heat near developing sperm and they cannot mature
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genetic causes
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lack of gene on Y chromosome that controls spermatogenesis
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
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bacteria infect reproductive organs
leading cause of female infertility (100,000 women/yr) mutation in gene for androgen receptor -androgen-regulated genes are required for spermatogenesis and sexual differentation -testicular feminization -infertility |
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Hormones
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Hypothalamic-pituitary axis: controls ovulation
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: increased androgen levels lead to cysts Premature ovarian failure: early menopause, not prepared for pregnancy |
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Endometriosis
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tissue builds up in uterus, cramping irregular bleeding
Causes scarring and inflammation |
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ectopic pregnancies
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fertilized ovum implants on tissue other than endometrial lining of uterus
40-50 women die/year in Us |
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surgical problems
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scar tissue does not allow implantation
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female infertility + infections
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STDs and other infections can damage reproductive organs
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Infertility tests
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Male: sperm checked for number, motility,and morphology
PCR used to check Y chromosome for deletions Female: endometrial biopsy: used to "date" lining to see if it is out of sync hormonally Laparoscopy- look for scar tissue, etc; invasive, useful |
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Assisted reproductive techonologies
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replace source of male/female gamete, aid fertilization or pregnancy
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Artificial insemination
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donated sperm placed in woman's reproductive tract
1790: 1st pregnancy from AI 1953: methods for freezing/storing sperm |
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surrogate motherhood
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woman carries pregnancy to term for women who cannot concieve and/or carry pregnancy
Custody rights given up at birth may have contributed oocyte |
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In vitro fertilization
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Sperm fertilizes oocyte in culture dish
Embryos transfered to oocyte donor's uterus for implantation 1978 first IVF child 20-30% sucess rate higher rate of birth defects than natural birth |
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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IVF accompanied by injection of sperm into oocyte
Used in cases of low sperm count, abnormal sperm shape, sperm motility problems May pass on infertility to next generation |
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Methods for improving IVF
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Transfer embryos at blastocyst stage (further developed)
Culture fertilized ova and early embryos with cells that normally surround oocyte (provide growth factors) Screen embyros for chromosome abnormalities |
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Gamete intrafallopian transfer
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Oocyte and sperm placed together in woman's fallopian tube. fertilization occurs in body, more natural
Allows conception in cases of fallopian tube blockage 27% success rate, cheaper than IVF |
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Oocyte donation
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Oocytes stored frozen (in metaphase II)
Women can have children later, undergoing chemotherapy, work w/ teratogens |
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Preimplantation genetic screening and diagnosis
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Detection of genetic abnormalities
1 cell of 8-celled embryo removed, remaining cells complete dev't 1992: 1st child born following PGD to screen for CF allele |
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Fetal stem cells
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IVF produces extra embryos, made up of embryonic stem cells- pluripotent cells
Therapeutic uses for these cells |
