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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cancer
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=uncontrolled cell division
carcinogens: substances that cause cancer by mutating DNA (radiation, chemicals, viruses) |
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Cancer tumors
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Benign: tumor stays in 1 place and does not grow into surrounding tissues
Malignant: tumor is invasive and moves to other parts of body (Metastasis- movement of cancer cells around body) |
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oncogenes
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when mutated/expressed at abnormally high levels, converts cell into cancer cell
Causes cell to divide uncontrollably |
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tumor suppressor genes
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genes whos products inhibit mitosis
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Proto-oncogenes
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=genes taht normally trigger cell division.
about 1% of 30,000 genes |
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Tumors
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produce anitgens recognized by immune system
Rapid devt can overwhelm immune system |
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Cancer/Telomeres
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Telomeres shorten as part of cell cycle control.
Cancer cells: turn telomerase back on so cell never gets signal to stop dividing. |
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Inherited v. Sporadic Cancers
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Inherited cancer: caused by damage to both germline and somatic cells (germline cancers rare, possibly inherited, occur earlier in life than somatic cancers)
Sporadic Cancer: damage to somatic cells (cell grows uncontrollably) |
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2 hit hypothesis
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If born w/ predispositions, need just 1 hit for it to occur. (germline, inherited cancer)
Need 2 hits for it to occur (sporadic cancer) |
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Characteristics of Cancer cells
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Ignore normal control signals
Divide faster Don't adhere to a surface Heritable (give cancerous state to daughter cells) Transplantable Dedifferentiated (dont look like cell they formed from) Lack contact inhibition (keep dividing) Invasive Angiogensis (growth of new capillaries to bring blood to tumor) |
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Increased expression of oncogenes
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located next to viral genes
moved next to an active gene moved next to an antibody gene |
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Fusion proteins
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proto-oncogene moves next to another gene and they are transcribed/translated together.
Philadelphia chromosome: tip of chromosome 9 translocated to 22; causes a type of leukemia |
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too strong division signal
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Some cases of breast cancer
growth factor receptor overexpress protein/ cell division |
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p53 gene
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plays role in either DNA repair or apoptosis
may act as mediator b/w enviornment and cancer |
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BRCA1
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normal gene activates transcription of genes that respond to p53
contributes to devt of breast cancer |
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brain tumor
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loss of both p53 alleles
loss of several genes on chrom.9 that function in immune system deletion of tumor suppressor genes activation of an oncogene loss of 1 or both copies of chrom.10 |
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cancer treatment
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surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, anticancer drugs (tamoxifen), stem cells?
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tamoxifen
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Hormone disruptor
doesnt allow estrogen to attach |
