Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which one of the following has sexual reproduction in mosquitoes and asexual in humans and is a paroxysms(short, recurrent attack):
Malaria Toxoplasma Trypanosome Leishmania |
Malaria
|
|
|
Which one of the following:
Malaria Toxoplasma Trypanosome Leishmania Is found in Primarily in Africa, SE Asia, tropical areas |
Malaria
|
|
|
Which one of the following:
Malaria Toxoplasma Trypanosome Leishmania Is transmitted via Tsetse fly-sleeping sickness and the kissing bug transmitted chagas disease? |
Trypanosomes
|
|
|
Which one of the following:
Malaria Toxoplasma Trypanosome Leishmania Is transmitted by sandflies |
Leishmaniasis
|
|
|
What is the more lethal leishmanis, visceral leishmaniasis which are systemic infections or cutaneous leishmaniasis, infection which is limited by temp restrictions
|
Visceral Leishmaniasis or kala-azar or dumdum fever
|
|
|
There are four species of maleria that can infect humans, note- they are blood cell parasites and some can infect liver?
|
Vivax
Ovale Malariae Falciparum |
|
|
Why are there many symptoms of malaria?
|
Because malaria can cause lysis of RBC's
|
|
|
What are paroxysms?
|
Paroxysms – cyclic presentation of symptoms (fever, chills, exhaustion), symptoms last a few hours then go away for a time.
May occasionally infect almost any organ, including CNS. Some infections apparently lead to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, allowing parasites to enter CNS. |
|
|
What is jaundice, happens in liver infection of maleria?
|
also known as icterus (attributive adjective: icteric), is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, the conjunctival membranes over the sclerae (whites of the eyes), and other mucous membranes caused by hyperbilirubinemia (increased levels of bilirubin in the blood).
|
|
|
Describe the asexual lifecycle of a sporozite (maleria infection)?
|
Sporozite infects humans
Sporozites goes to the liver Sporozoites will then become Merozoites and enter the blood They will then become Ring merozoties in RBC They will then become tropozoite in the RBC and then form several merozites and lyse the RBC, to go infect more Some time the merozite can become micro and macro gametocytes and go into mosquito for sexual reproduction |
|
|
WHAT IS THE HYPNOZOITE?
|
This is how the merozotie can remain dormant in the liver
|
|
|
What is the most lethal plasmodium, doesn't remain for years, can eventually reach the CNS, leads to Massive RBC lysis leads to plugging of capillaries, extremely dark urine?
|
Falciprum
|
|
|
How can one treat falciprum?
|
chloroquine
phenanthrene methanols and artemisinins |
|
|
The P. malarie has no hypnozoite stage but can it remain dormant in liver and possibly RBCs?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What plasmodium has an incubation of 3-7 weeks, infects mature RBC, Long term (decades) chronic infections are possible if untreated ?
|
Malarie
|
|
|
What plasmodium infects any RBC, usually near the peripheral, causes red granules in RBC called Maurer’s dot,Trophozoites usually seen in liver and spleen (but no hypnozoites)?
|
Falciprum
-Also accounts for 80% of malaria cases and 90% of deaths |
|
|
What infects young RBC, Infected erythrocytes are enlarged and contain pink granules called Schüffner’s dots, Incubation period is about two weeks, patient can survive for years without treatment (benign) But long term problems with kidney, liver, brain may develop.
? |
Vivax and Ovale
|
|
|
What plasmodium has Initial influenza like symptoms, including headache, muscle pains, anorexia, nausea, photophobia, May establish a dormant infection through formation of hypnozoites in liver. This may cause relapses after an apparent cure.
Prophylactic use of drugs may prevent relapses,Patients develop a 48 hour cycle (tertian) of high fever, chills, shaking and exhaustion – paroxysms? |
Vivax and Ovale
|
|
|
What is the diagnosis of malaria?
|
Thick and thin blood films – experience necessary to determine species from thick films
Characteristic sausage shaped gametocytes Also look for paroxysm symptoms |
|
|
How do you treat maleria?
|
Chloroquins – inhibition of heme polymerase, possibly other actions
Anticancer and antiviral properties P. falciparum often resistant Metranidazole Artemisinin Prophylaxis – dosage of drugs before and during travel to areas of endemic malaria, prevention of relapses from vivax and ovale |
|
|
Link the plasmodium:
Strictly tropical and subtropical Tropical Africa, Asia, South America Widespread – tropical subtropical and temperate |
Falpicrum
Ovale Vivax and Malarie |
|
|
What are the two important Trypanosomes?
|
Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi
|
|
|
What trypanosome causes African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness
Large range in Africa |
Trypanosoma brucei
|
|
|
Link the trypanosomiasis,
causes Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis North, South and Central America, (mostly south) |
T. cruzi
|
|
|
Describe how trypanosomiasis is delievered via testse flies?
|
The trypomastigote is found in the saliva of the Tste fly
Travels through blood and lymph to CNS Trypomastigotes in blood serve to infect subsequent flies feeding on host Trypomastigotes migrate to flies salivary glands where they produce infective trypomastigotes |
|
|
How is diagnosis done on T. brucei
How do you treat T.brucei After the bite of the Tste fly what is left on the host? What is used to evade immune response with T. Brucei? |
Diagnosis through examination of blood, history, symptoms.
Treatments: pentamidine Often leaves an ulcer at site of bite Evades immune response – trypomastigotes express Variable Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) at very high density on surface. This prevents immune access to cell membrane. The parasite can change the exposed VSG antigen rapidly and with wide variety, thus evading specific adaptive immune responses |
|
|
What is winterbottom sign, given through T. brucei?
|
Severe cervical lymphadenopathy
|
|
|
What gives these symptoms:
May have initial hyperactivity, followed by lethargy, retardation, convulsions. Sleep inversion – daytime somnolence, night time insomnia. Eventually patient reaches a stupor like state and may be difficult to arouse or unresponsive. |
T. brucie
|
|
|
What is the range of incubation for T.brucei?
|
few days to a few months
|
|
|
What parasite enters after an insite makes a bite and then shits in your mouth?
|
T.cruzi
|
|
|
What Trypanosoma uses its flagella to move and infect the CNS?
|
T.brucei
|
|
|
What Parasite loses flagella and undulating membrane and becomes round/oval and reproduces intracellularly (called amastigote at this point)?
--After lysis of host cell, some become trypomastigotes in order to infect a new insect host |
T. Cruzi
|
|
|
What is the treatment of T.cruzi?
|
Kill the insect
|
|
|
How is diagnosis done on T.cruzi?
|
Presence of parasites in blood. This becomes difficult after acute phase, biopsies may be necessary to detect amastigote parasites during chronic phase.
Serology possible, but not in widespread use (T. cruzi does not show variability of T. brucei). |
|
|
What Trypanosoma shows:
Earliest symptom is a chagoma, a swollen discolored and fibrous area. Chagomas are only seen in about 25% of patients. Soon followed by an acute phase: Rash, swelling, fever, chills. Death may occur here (particularly in children). Cause of death is usually myocarditis/loss of heart function. Survivors may progress to chronic phase. Chronic phase: gradual destruction of neurons and heart tissue. Hepatosplenomegaly, megacardia, enlarged esophagus. |
T.Cruzi
|
|
|
Name three antiviral drug targets?
|
Receptors, Nucleic acid polymerase and HIV protease.
Influenza-neuraminidase and proton ionophore |
|
|
What prodrug is seen to play a role in fighting Hepatitis C and other DNA and RNA viruses, it shifts the immune response to th1?
|
Ribavirin
|
|
|
What drug is 22 carbon alcohol, inhibits fusion of HSV envelope with cell membrane and is sold OTC?
|
Docosanol
|
|
|
What do Tamiflu and Relenza do to neuraminidase?
|
It prevents influenza from spreading by binding to neuraminidase and inhibit the activity
|
|
|
What is seen to be used in combination with Ribavirin to fight Hep C
|
Interferon
|
|
|
What is the purpose of beta lactams?
|
Inhibit transpeptidase enzyme in bacteria, transpeptidase is involved in the formation of cross-links in the peptidoglycan layer
|
|
|
What is given to kill bacteria infections that have beta lactamase?
|
Clavulonate (beta lactamase inhibitor)
Amoxicillin (Transpeptidase inhibitor) |
|
|
What is the function of macrolides?
|
They Bind to the bacterial ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis
|
|
|
What is unique of Zyvox?
|
Zyvox is a rationally designed inhibitor of gram positive ribosomes.
|
|
|
Isoniazid is a ______ that inhibits __________ acid synthase in mycobacteria. This inhibits the formation of mycolic ____. It is effect treatment for _______.
|
bacteriocidal (kills bacteria)
Fatty Acid Tuberculosis |
|
|
Are macrolides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
|
May be bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic depending on strain of bacteria, dosage, etc.
|
|
|
What are some limits to antibiotics?
|
Blood brain barrier
Intracellualar infections(Penicillin doesn't penetrate mammalian cell membranes effectively Abscesses and granulomas limit blood supply |
|
|
What blood protozoa is diagnosed via serolgy(Looking for an increase in IgG antibodies).
Demonstration of trophozoites and cysts in biopsy |
Toxoplasma gondii
|
|
|
What are some drugs given to Toxoplasma gondii?
|
Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine
Tetratogens trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin |
|
|
What are the three main leishmaniasis, flagellated protzoa, which are transmitted via sandlifes, that infect humans?
|
Leishmania donovani (Kala-azar)
L. tropica L. braziliensis |
|
|
What is the lifecycle of Leishmaniasis?
|
Promastigote stage in salivary glands of infected sandfly
Long slender, flagellated Sandflies bite and release promastigote under skin On entry into human, transforms to amastigote stage Invasion of reticuloendothelial (primarily macrophages) cells, loss of flagella Ability to tolerate higher temperatures allows L. donovani to disseminate through host, others restricted to periphery Subsequent fly acquires parasite from blood meal |
|
|
What is L.donovani?
|
Kala-azar, dumdum fever
|
|
|
How do you treat kala-azar?
|
Stibogluconate
|
