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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The _______ period: 543 to 506 million years ago, most of the animal phyla living today appear: crustaceans and other arthropods, onychophorans, sipunculid worms, segmented worms, mollusks, and chordates.These events are known as the ________ _________
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Cambrian,
Cambrian Explosion |
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4 main types of fossils
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Compression Fossils,
Casts and Molds, Permineralized Fossils, Unaltered Remains |
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Can result when organic material is buried in water-or wind-borne sediment before it decomposes. Under the weight of sand, mud, ash or other particles deposited above, a structure can leave an impression in the material below. The resulting fossil is analogous to the record left by footprints in mud or leaves in wet concrete
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Compression fossils
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Originate when remains decay after being buried in sediment. ____ consist of unfilled spaces while ______ form when new material infiltrates the space, fills it, and hardens into rock. This process is analogous to the lost-wax casting technique used by sculptors. ____ and ____ preserve information about external and internal surfaces
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Molds consist of unfilled spaces while Casts...,
Casts and Molds... |
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Can form when structures are buried in sediments and dissolved minerals precipitate in the cells. This process, which is analogous to the way a microscopist embeds tissues in resin before sectioning, can preserve details of internal structure.
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Permineralized fossils
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Are sometimes preserved in environments that discourage loss from weathering, consumption by scavenging animals, and decomposition by bacteria and fungi.
2000 year old human cadavers from the Iron Age, buried in the highly acidic environment of peat bogs, have been recovered with flesh still intact. Wooly mammoths dug out of permafrost have fur and many tissues preserved. |
Unaltered remains
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What are the three types of sampling bias in the fossil record?
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Geographic, taxonomic, and temporal
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________ _____ is produced by the propensity for fossils to come from lowland and marine habitats.
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Geographic bias
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Type of bias. Example: Marine organisms dominate the fossil record, but make up only 10% of still existing species. A full two-thirds of animal phyla living today are underrepresented in the fossil record because they lack any sort of mineralized hard parts, such as bone or shell, that are amenable to fossilization.
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Taxonomic bias
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______ ____ results because Earth's crust is constantly being recycled. When tectonic plates subduct or mountains erode, their fossils go with them. As a result, old rocks are rarer than new rocks, and our ability to sample life forms should decline with time.
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Temporal bias
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First mammals are from the _______ period
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Triassic
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_______ or "ancient life" era consists of the cambrian explosion, the permian extinction, first shelled organisms, first vertebrates, first chordates, first land plants, etc.
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Paleozoic
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The _______, or "middle life" era consists of the first mammals, first dinosaurs, triassic period, jurassic period, cretaceous period, first birds, first flowering plants, etc
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Mesozoic
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The ______, or "recent life" era is everything from 65 mya to the present. Consists of first horses, first apes, etc.
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Cenozoic
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Almost all of the animal phyla currently recognized by biologists make their first appearance in the fossil record during the Cambrian period - a span of just 40 million years
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Cambrian Explosion
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The earliest members of this fauna are dated at or around 565 mya and the youngest at 544 may, placing them at the end of the Proterozoic era. The initial species were found in the 1940's in the ________ hills of south Australia, but similar fossils have now been found at some 20 sites around the world. Preserved as compression and impression fossils, and virtually none have shells or any other type of hard part.
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The Ediacaran Fauna
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During the Cambrian period, the _____ _____ _____ records an astonishing variety of large, complex and bilaterally symmetric forms. The most species-rich lineages of animals living today - the arthropods, mollusks, vertebrates, and echinoderms - are all present. Dated 520-515 may. The fossils were initially discovered early in the 1900's near the town of Field, British Columbia
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Burgess Shale Fauna
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Compared to animals present earlier in the fossil record, the hallmarks of the ________ _______ are a dramatic increase in body size, the origin of hard exoskeletons and complex body parts like limbs, and a diversification in basic body shapes and organizations.
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Cambrian fauna
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The ______ _____ ______ dated 520-515 may, along with the _________ ______ from Yunnan Province in China (525-520 may) are arguable the most spectacular fossil deposits ever found
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Burgess Shale Fauna, Chengjiang biota
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_________: A substitute for a taxon, used for organisms whose classification cannot be decided
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Problematica
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Why is it so remarkable that the number of phyla that existed during the Cambrian are now recognized as roughly equivalent to the diversity observed today?
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The earliest members of virtually all major animal lineages appeared relatively suddenly in the fossil record, at the same time, in geographically distant parts of the globe
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Most of the animal phyla living today make their first appearance in the fossil record during the ________
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Cambrian
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The _____ ___ _____ records an amazing variety and number of major morphological innovations, including large body size and the first segmented body plans, limbs, antennae, shells, external skeletons, and notochords.
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Burgess Shale Fauna
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The Cambrian Explosion is an explosion of ____________ diversity, but not necessarily an explosion of lineages, which occurred much earlier.
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morphological
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What caused the Cambrian Explosion? Rising _____ concentrations in seawater, due to an increase in photosynthetic _____ during the Protozoic, was clearly a key to the origin of multicellularity and large size.
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Oxygen, algae
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The dramatic rise in atmospheric ______ concentration increased metabolic rates and bigger bodies possible. Larger size is a prerequisite for the evolution of tissues, and higher metabolic rates are recorded in the Ediacaran faunas.
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oxygen
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An ______ ______ occurs when a single or small group of ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a large number of descendant species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches
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Adaptive radiation
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Ecological Opportunity and Morphological Innovations are triggers for ________ ________
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Adaptive radiation
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Where a species of any organism exists in two or more geographical locations because of blind luck by being physically moved on its own or by something else. It can also occur through extinction, for example, mammals diversified rapidly because they lacked competition from the dinosaurs.
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Ecological opportunity as a trigger for adaptive radiation
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Genetic mechanisms associated with morphological advantages help species mate, find food, etc. an Example is the diversification of arthropods through their modifications and elaborations of their jointed limbs, which allowed species in these groups to move more efficiently and find food.
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Morphological Innovation as a Trigger
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_____: lack of change
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Stasis
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Went against Darwin, and supported instantaneous creation. In 1972, Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould claimed that ______ is a real pattern in the fossil record and that most morphological change occurs during speciation.
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Stasis
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Developed by In 1972 by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould, the theory of _______ _________. Stasis existed and that most morphological change occurs during speciation and is not very adaptive.
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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What is the difference between stasis and gradualism?
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Stasis is where there is little adaptive change and most morphological change occurs during speciation. While Gradualism is where species are always adapting and morphologically changing.
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________ ______: Lack of morphological change over a long interval of evolution, despite many short-term changes during the same interval. No or little net evolution.
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Dynamic Stasis
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Leaves on the ginko trees which are 40 million years old, Stromatolites which are 1.8 billion years old. These are examples of _____
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Stasis
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______ _________: Intervals in which 60% of the species that were alive went extinct in the span of a million years. 4% of all extinctions
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Mass Extinctions
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The "Big Five" mass extinctions: ODPTC which stand for?
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Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T)
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__________ _________:Extinctions that are not part of mass extinction events; thought to be due to typical types and rates of environmental change or species interactions as opposed to the extraordinary environmental changes that occur during mass extinctions. 96% of all extinctions
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Background Extinction
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Terminal Ordovician extinction occurred when?
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440 MYA
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Late-Devonian extinction occurred when?
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365 MYA
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End-Permian extinction occurred when?
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250 MYA
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End-Triassic extinction occurred when?
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215 MYA
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Cretaceous-Tertiary or K-T extinction occurred when?
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65 MYA
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_______ ______:A difference, among members of the same sex, between the average mating success of individuals with a particular phenotype versus individuals with other phenotypes
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Sexual Selection
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Why is sexual selection variation in mating success a more potent force in the evolution of males than in the evolution of females?
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Females potential reproductive success will be relatively small, and her realized reproductive success is likely to be limited more by the number of eggs she can make (or pregnancies) than by the number of males she can convince to mate with her. In contrast, a male's potential reproductive success is likely to be limited more by the number of females he can convince to mate with him than by the number of ejaculates he can make.
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Members of the sex subject to strong sexual selection will be _______. Members of the sex subject to weak sexual selection will be ________.
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Competitive, Choosy
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________ _______:Differential mating success among individuals of one sex due to interactions with members of the other sex; for example, variation in mating success among males due to female choosiness. Singing, dancing, or showing off bright colors.
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Intersexual Selection
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________ ________:Differential mating success among individuals of one sex due to interactions with members of the same sex; for example, differences in mating success among males due to male-male competition over access to females. Fighting for a female, fighting for resources to attract females, fighting for breeding ground territory to attract females
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Intrasexual Selection
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______ ________: A difference between the phenotypes of females versus males within a species.
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Sexual Dimorphism
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The clash that occurs between a mother refusing to nurse and an offspring attempting to nurse is called:
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Weaning Conflict
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Actor benefits and recipient benefits
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Cooperation
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Actor is harmed and recipient benefits
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Altruism
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Actor benefits and recipient is harmed
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Selfishness
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Actor is harmed and recipient is harmed
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Spite
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Vampire bats often share blood meals with each other by regurgitation. Why do they do this, what kind of examples demonstrate this and do not demonstrate this?
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Most regurgitation occurs between mother and offspring. Higher the degree of relatedness the more likely one individual will regurgitate to another. The Higher the degree of association the more likely one individual will regurgitate to another. The vampire bat demonstrates cooperation. The vampire bat does not demonstrate reciprocal altruism or kin selection.
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The probability that homologous alleles in two individuals are identical by descent
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Coefficient of relatedness (r)
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_____ ____:An allele for "altruism" will spread if: Br > C or Br - C > 0
r = coefficient of relatedness; B = Benefit to recipient; C = cost to actor In other words, altruism is more likely to spread when: 1) the benefits to the recipient are great; 2) the cost to the actor are low, and 3) the participants are closely related |
Hamilton's rule
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________ typically have larger parental investment in each offspring than ______
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mothers, fathers
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_______ _______: means the energy and time expended both in constructing an offspring and caring for it
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Parental investment
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Parental investment is all about _____
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Fitness
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As parental investment _______, the survival and reproductive success of the offspring receiving it increases
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increases
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The parent that invests more time and energy into offspring, typically has reproductive success that is limited by _______ ___ ____
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Resources and time
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The parent that invests the least time and energy, typically has reproductive success that is limited by ___________________
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the number of mates
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Satellite male Great Plain toads, jack salmon, and sneaker male sunfish are examples of _______ _____ ______
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Alternate mating tactics
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Male widow bird tails and peacock tails, and Irish Elk antlers are an example of _______ _______
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Runaway Selection
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Male pipefish prefer _______ females with _____ spots
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large, few
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The most basic knowledge of human reproductive biology indicates that the opportunity for sexual selection is:
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Greater in men than in women
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In order for a male hanging fly to win the right to mate with a female he must provide ____ while mating
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food
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_______ is an extreme form of male-male competition
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Infanticide
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In the study comparing male gray tree frogs with long and short calls, which results were found?
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Offspring of males with long calls did better in both high and low food levels
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Members of the sex subject to strong sexual selection will be ______, while members of the sex subject to weak sexual selection will be ______
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competitive, choosy
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