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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the endocrine system tied into? |
The nervous system. Nervous system response are fast and short. Endocrine response are slower and longer lasting. |
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What is the response order of a feedback loop? |
1. Receptor 2. Control Centre 3. Effector |
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Define positive feedback loops? |
Prevents us from maintaining homeostasis. Any change away from homeostasis will cause an increase in that action which moves further away from homeostasis |
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types of hormones |
Non-target Target Tropic Non-soluble (fat soluble) Water soluble |
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Tropic hormones |
Affect other endocrine glands. Goes everywhere but only affects what its aiming for |
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Fat soluble |
Steroids. Act by moving into the cell to cause a response. Fat helps you make hormones. Able to move through membrane which is made of lipids |
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Water soluble |
These act on receptors of the cell Cannot move through cell membrane |
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Hypothalamus |
Main integrating centre Controls endocrine response |
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Pituitary gland |
Small organ that sits below hypothalamus Highly vascularized (bc hormones are released into blood) Made of anterior and posterior |
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Anterior pituitary gland/Adenohypophysis |
Originates as roof of mouth Hypothalamus has to use hormones to communicate with this |
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Posterior pituitary gland/ Neurohypophysis |
An extension of the hypothalamus Hormones produced in hypothalamus are released from your posterior pituitary |
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Hormones that affect sugar metabolism |
Insulin Glucagon Glucocorticoids Epinephrine |
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where is insulin produced? |
The islets of langehans in the pancreas. Its then released directly into the blood. Produced by beta cells |
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When would insulin be released? |
When blood sugar levels get too high, insulin is released. Normal: 90 mg/100 mL |
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What does insulin do? |
Increases cell permeability to glucose, which then moves into the cell and is converted to glycogen which stores sugar |
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Glucagon |
Produced in the islets of langerhan. Released from alpha cells into the blood, it then converts glycogen back into glucose through hydrolysis |
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Diabetes Mellitus |
Mellitus-sweet pee |
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Diabetes Mellitus Type I |
Islet of langerhan may be damaged or not there. Leads to decreased insulin levels and you would be born with this. |
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Diabetes Mellitus Type II |
Nothing to do with insulin. Body cells are not as responsive to insulin |
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Cortisol |
glucocorticoid Stress hormone that is produced in cortex of adrenal gland. Converts proteins and lipids into glucose Involved in weight gain |
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Epinephrine |
Produced in adrenal medulla. Released as a result of sympathetic nervous system |
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Medulla is derived from |
cells of the nervous system |
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What does epinephrine affect? |
Heart rate and metabolism |
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What does norepinephrine affect? |
Blood pressure |
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What causes Cushings? |
Excess ATCH (aldosterone) . Result of growth/tumour on pituitary. Too much ATCH causes release of cortisol |
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Signs + symptoms of cushings |
Upper body obesity Weaker bone growth decrease in libido Polydipia/polyuria |
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What is the test for cushings? |
Test for cortisol and ACTH in blood |
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Signs and symptoms of addisons disease? |
hypoglycemia salt cravings aldosterone increases reabsorption of NaCl but cant, so tries to consume lots of salt to retain water |
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what is Aldosterone involved in? |
Involved with water reabsorption (BP decrease, H20 increases). Specifically, causes Na reabsorption so more h2o is retained |
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What type of corticoid is aldosterone? |
Mineral coricoid (fat soluble protein) |
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Where is aldosterone produced? |
Adrenal cortex |
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What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) do and respond to? |
Moniters BP and responds to lower BP |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
Affects h2O reabsorption by making collective duct in kidney more permeable. |
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Where is ADH produced? |
Hypothalamus |
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Where is ADH released? |
post P.G. |
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What is diabetes inspidus? |
Inability to absorb water |
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What is diabetes insipidus caused by? |
central- pituitary gland injury infection- decrease in ADH and ACTH |
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What are the hormones that regulate calcium? |
Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone |
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What does Calcitonin respond to? And act on? |
Blood calcium levels by reducing them when levels are high. Acts on bones, kidneys, and digestive system |
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Where does the parathyroid hormone come from? And act on? |
The parathyroid gland in the thyroid. Is released when blood calcium levels are low. |
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What does the parathyroid hormone affect? |
Bones, kidneys, and disgestive system. Same as calcitonin |
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Where is human growth hormones produced? |
Adenohypophysis. Produces growth |
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Why are people overweight with hypoglycemia? |
Lack of protein synthesis and conversion of sugar does not occur properly |
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What hormones does the adenohypophysis release? |
TSH ACTH Prolactin |
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What hormones does the neurohypophysis release? |
Oxytocin ADH |
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What does a diabetes mellitus graph look like? |
homeostasis is any flat level, then when it increases they are experiencing too much glucose and then when insulin is administered , it should drop back to homeostasis. When they eat, it drops. |
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What does the number in T3 or T4 represent? |
Iodines |
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Symptoms of hyperthyroidism |
Underweight High energy High Body Temperature Sweaty Irritable |
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Symptoms of hypothyroidism |
Overweight Fatigued Cold Stunted growth |
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What leads to a goiter? |
When the body constantly produces TSH but no t3/t4 |
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What are the symptoms of hyposecretion of HGH? |
Stunted growth Hypoglycemia in infants Poor bone density Potentially overweight |
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What are the symptoms of hypersecretions of HGH? |
Caused by tumour. Gigantism (childhood) Pronounced eyebrows and bone structure |
