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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where did land plants evolve from
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freshwater algae
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how are land plants protected by dessication
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by a waxy surface material called the cuticle that is secreted onto their exposed surfaces
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where does gas diffusion into and out of plants take place
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tiny mouthshaped openings called stomata
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members of the land plants can be distinguished based on the presence or absence of what
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tracheids
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what are tracheids
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specialized cells that facilitate the transport of water and minerals
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what does xylem conduct
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water
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what does phloem conduct
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food
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what does it mean to have a haplodoplontic life cycle for plants
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have multicellular haploid and diploid stages
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land plants produce gametes by mitosis or meiosis
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mitosis
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is the sporophyte thhe diploide or haploid generation
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diploid
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are gametophytes the diploid or haploid generation
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haploid
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In mosses, liverworts and ferns the gametophyte is ______ and ________-____
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photosynthetic, free-living
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waht are the two distinct lineages of green algae
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charophytes and chlorophytes
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what are chlorophyta sister groups to
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streptophytes
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how do chlorophyta reproduce
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sexually, asexually, and alterntation of generation
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describe an example of chlorophyta
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chlamydomonas
-single cell, freshwater, flagellated -reproduce sexualy and asexually |
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what is a hollow sphere made up of a single layer 500-60000 individual cells (colonial) each having 2 flagella
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volvox
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charophytes are the closest relatives to what
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land plants
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what are characteristic of charophytes
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-grow from tip of plant
-cells join by plasmodemata -eggs are retained on parent plant -DNA is similar to plants rather then chlorophyta |
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what are the adaptations taht plants need to overcome to be terrrestial
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water retention, necessary nutrients, overcoming gravity, protection against UV rays, life cycle trends
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what are the 3 groups of bryophytes
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liverworts, mosses, and hornwarts
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whatre some characeristics of bryophtes
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-all lack vascular tissue (tracheids)
-lack true roots (have rhizoids) and some lack stomata - spend most of life as gametophytes - have tight symbiotic relationship between fungi called mycorrhizal association |
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gametophytes of bryophytes are what
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photosynthetic
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bryophytes require ____ to reproduce sexually
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water
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how are mosses anchored to the ground
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rhizoids
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what two things are involved in moss reproduction
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antheridium and archegonia (female and male gametangia)
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what did hornwarts develop
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stomata that can open and close to regulate gas exchange
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what did tracheophyte plants have
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roots, stems, and leaves
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what does xylem conduct
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water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots
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what does phloem conduct
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sucrose and hormones throughout the plant
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what are the 3 clades of tracheophytes
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lycophytes
pterophytes seed plants |
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whats the earliest vascular plant known with stems
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cooksania
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how many times did leaves evolve
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twice
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what are the two types of leaves and there characteristic
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lycophyll- single vascular strand
euphylls- branched vascular strand (true common leaf) |
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what are highly resistant structures well suited to protecting a plant embryo from drought and predators
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seeds
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what is an example of a lycophyte
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club moss
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what generation is dominant in lycophytes
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sporophyte generation
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what are lycophytes the sister group to
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all vascular plants
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describe lycophytes
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contain tracheidbased vascular tissue
reproductive system is like other vascular plants lack vasculurized leaves (lycophylls) |
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ferns are the most abundant group of what type of plant
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seedless vascular plants
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are ferns pterophytes or lycophytes
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pterophytes
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what is interesting about pterophytes (ferns) sporophyte
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its more complex with roots, stems, and leaves
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ferns, reproduce distinctive sporangia, usually in clusters called
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sori
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what is characteristic of ferns gametophyte
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heart shaped, small, lacks vascular tissue
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seed plants produce two kinds of what
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gameotophytes (male and female)
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what is the male gametophyte
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pollen grains
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what are gymnosperms commonly called
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plants with naked seeds
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what are the four types of gymnosperms
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cyads, conifers, gingkos, gnetophytes
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what do the sperm of cyads and ginkos have that conifers and gnetophytes dont
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motile sperm aka they have a flagella
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what do the thick cuticle and recessed stomata represent in evoluitionary adaptation
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the adaptation for retarded water loss
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where do male gametophytes develop from in pines
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microspores
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the megaspores produce what
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the female gametophyte (cones or seeds)
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what are angiosperms
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flowering plants
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how do angiosperms reproduce
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double fertilization
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use bio lab book to study the life cycles cause its a lot simpler
like differernt forms of alternation of generations and double fertilization |
just read
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what is the key step and the reason its called double ferilization
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one sperm unites with egg and forms the zygote which develops into an embryo sporophyte plant
the other sperm and the two polar nuclei unite form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus |
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what does the triploid primary endosperm do
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becomes large part of the seed and provides nutrients for the embryo in most flowering plants
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