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295 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis |
"A steady state"
Body's ability to balance all of its internal physiological processes and maintain (near) stability
Involves coordinated activities of many systems in a body to maintain a (near) constant internal environment around a "set point" (equilibrium) |
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Most control mechanisms of homeostasis are based on... |
Negative feedback
A change in a variable triggers actions that reverse that change
Behavioral & metabolic adjustments |
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Behavioral Adjustments |
Usually very simple Thermoregulation Too cold? Too warm? Thirsty? Tired? |
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Metabolic Adjustments |
Usually more complex Involves hormones, nerve impulses, proteins, ect Brain, hypothalamus, pituitary |
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Poikilothermic |
Body temperature fluctuated with environment |
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Poikilothermic |
Zoologist Body temperature fluctuated with environment |
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Homeothermic |
Zoologist Near constant body temperature regardless of environmental temperature |
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Ectothermic |
Physiologist Body temperature regulated by outside forces (environment) |
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Endothermic |
Physiologist Source of body heat is internal Mammals, birds, few fish |
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Diabetes |
Target cells don't respond normally to insulin |
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Type 1 Diabetes |
Autoimmune disease Body's immune system attacks beta cells of pancreas Not enough insulin released into bloodstream Glucose builds up in blood stream - body cells & liver are starved for fuel - begin breaking down fats & proteins - damage tissues Can lead to dehydration, blindness, kidney damage & nerve damage |
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Type 2 Diabetes |
Insulin is produced but target cells of body & liver don't absorb glucose properly |
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Hypoglycemia |
Hyperactive beta cells Too much insulin, not enough glucose left in bloodstream Alpha cells should release glucagon into blood but don't Leads to weakness, shakiness, sweating, possible loss of consciousness |
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Hypoglycemia |
Hyperactive beta cells Too much insulin, not enough glucose left in bloodstream Alpha cells should release glucagon into blood but don't Leads to weakness, shakiness, sweating, possible loss of consciousness |
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Negative feedback & blood glucose |
pH, CO2, water & calcium levels, blood pressure, hunger, the immune system, production of red blood cells & growth hormones, sperm production, and the female menstrual cycle |
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Positive feedback loops |
A physiological change that leads to a greater change in the same direction (change is amplified) Blood clotting, lactation, ovulation, defecation, urination, orgasm, child birth
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Positive feedback loops |
A physiological change that leads to a greater change in the same direction (change is amplified) Blood clotting, lactation, ovulation, defecation, urination, orgasm, child birth
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Child birth |
Labor begins with increase in estrogen (stimulates uterine contractions) & a drop in progesterone (inhibits uterine contractions) Pregnancy maintained by a N.F.L. Leads to increase in prostaglandins & and increase in oxytocin which both stimulate uterine muscles to contract which stimulates secretion of more oxytocin Birth ends in loop - no stretching of uterus, no more oxytocin |
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Anthropods |
Joint - footed invertebrates |
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Anthropods |
Joint - footed invertebrates 1.1 million+ species |
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Anthron |
Joint |
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Podos |
Foot |
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Podos |
Foot |
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Characteristics of Anthropods |
Segmented body Many segments with jointed appendages Exoskeleton of chitin - protein and carbohydrates Dorsal heart Central nervous system Specialized jaws Open circulatory system Complex behaviors |
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Chitin |
Tough, semi - flexible layered material Nitrogenous polysaccharide (50-80%) - rest is cross linked protein impregnated with lipids and waxes |
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Exoskeleton advantages |
Protection from predators Water loss Accidental injury Strong anchor for muscles |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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State insect |
Honey bee 1977 Order: Hymenoptera |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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State insect |
Honey bee 1977 Order: Hymenoptera |
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Horseshoe crab |
A primitive chelicerate found along the Atlantic sea coast |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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State insect |
Honey bee 1977 Order: Hymenoptera |
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Horseshoe crab |
A primitive chelicerate found along the Atlantic sea coast |
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Arachnids |
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, & harvestmen (Anthropods) |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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State insect |
Honey bee 1977 Order: Hymenoptera |
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Horseshoe crab |
A primitive chelicerate found along the Atlantic sea coast |
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Arachnids |
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, & harvestmen (Anthropods) |
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Arachnid characteristics |
2 body parts: cephalothorax & abdomen 4 pairs of legs 2 pairs of mouth parts: chelicerae (fangs) & pedipalps 8 simple eyes (1 lens) no compound eyes No antennae - sensory hairs on body detect odor, taste & touch |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Ticks AND mites |
Cephalothorax & abdomen fused Larvae may only have 6 legs Mouthparts designed for piercing Only have 2 eyes (or none) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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State insect |
Honey bee 1977 Order: Hymenoptera |
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Horseshoe crab |
A primitive chelicerate found along the Atlantic sea coast |
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Arachnids |
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, & harvestmen (Anthropods) |
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Arachnid characteristics |
2 body parts: cephalothorax & abdomen 4 pairs of legs 2 pairs of mouth parts: chelicerae (fangs) & pedipalps 8 simple eyes (1 lens) no compound eyes No antennae - sensory hairs on body detect odor, taste & touch |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Ticks AND mites |
Cephalothorax & abdomen fused Larvae may only have 6 legs Mouthparts designed for piercing Only have 2 eyes (or none) |
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Mites |
Tiny (less than 1mm) Free living vegetarians Predators or scavengers (Some parasites) |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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State insect |
Honey bee 1977 Order: Hymenoptera |
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Horseshoe crab |
A primitive chelicerate found along the Atlantic sea coast |
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Arachnids |
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, & harvestmen (Anthropods) |
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Arachnid characteristics |
2 body parts: cephalothorax & abdomen 4 pairs of legs 2 pairs of mouth parts: chelicerae (fangs) & pedipalps 8 simple eyes (1 lens) no compound eyes No antennae - sensory hairs on body detect odor, taste & touch |
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Exoskeleton disadvantages |
Heavy Somewhat inflexible Must shed or molt periodically for animal to grow larger (vulnerable to predators at this time) |
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Ticks AND mites |
Cephalothorax & abdomen fused Larvae may only have 6 legs Mouthparts designed for piercing Only have 2 eyes (or none) |
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Mites |
Tiny (less than 1mm) Free living vegetarians Predators or scavengers (Some parasites) |
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Ticks |
All ectoparasites Vectors for many diseases |
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Subphylum: Myriapoda |
One set of antennae Unbranched appendages Class: Chilopoda (centipedes) Class: Diplopoda (millipedes) |
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Subphylum: Hexapoda |
6 walking legs Class: Insecta (insects) |
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Subphylum: Chelicerata |
Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites No antennae Class: Arachnida (spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions) |
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Subphylum: Crustacea |
Crayfish, ect Two sets of antennae Branched appendages |
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State fossil |
Trilobite 1985 Extinct Multiple sets of paired jointed legs Subphylum: trilobita |
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State insect |
Honey bee 1977 Order: Hymenoptera |
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Horseshoe crab |
A primitive chelicerate found along the Atlantic sea coast |
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Arachnids |
Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, & harvestmen (Anthropods) |
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Arachnid characteristics |
2 body parts: cephalothorax & abdomen 4 pairs of legs 2 pairs of mouth parts: chelicerae (fangs) & pedipalps 8 simple eyes (1 lens) no compound eyes No antennae - sensory hairs on body detect odor, taste & touch |
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Spiders |
40,000+ species (500 WI) All predators, carnivorous Capture prey by ambush, chase or webs Book lungs: layers of tissues in abdomen - absorb O2 directly into blood from air All spiders venomous (most harmless to humans) |
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Spiders |
40,000+ species (500 WI) All predators, carnivorous Capture prey by ambush, chase or webs Book lungs: layers of tissues in abdomen - absorb O2 directly into blood from air All spiders venomous (most harmless to humans) |
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Spider venom |
Most neurotoxin - attack nervous system, paralyze small prey Black widow neurotoxin Spider neurotoxins cause intense pain in humans Brown recluse cytotoxin (hemolytic) Cytotoxins kill skin tissue, muscle tissue, and blood vessels - can result in open wounds, scarring Both found in WI, not common |
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Spiders |
40,000+ species (500 WI) All predators, carnivorous Capture prey by ambush, chase or webs Book lungs: layers of tissues in abdomen - absorb O2 directly into blood from air All spiders venomous (most harmless to humans) |
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Spider venom |
Most neurotoxin - attack nervous system, paralyze small prey Black widow neurotoxin Spider neurotoxins cause intense pain in humans Brown recluse cytotoxin (hemolytic) Cytotoxins kill skin tissue, muscle tissue, and blood vessels - can result in open wounds, scarring Both found in WI, not common |
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Spider silk |
Web-spinning spiders have 3 pairs of silk glands in their abdomen Spinnerets - control the type & shape of silk produced, close up Made of protein Very strong |
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Spiders |
40,000+ species (500 WI) All predators, carnivorous Capture prey by ambush, chase or webs Book lungs: layers of tissues in abdomen - absorb O2 directly into blood from air All spiders venomous (most harmless to humans) |
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Spider venom |
Most neurotoxin - attack nervous system, paralyze small prey Black widow neurotoxin Spider neurotoxins cause intense pain in humans Brown recluse cytotoxin (hemolytic) Cytotoxins kill skin tissue, muscle tissue, and blood vessels - can result in open wounds, scarring Both found in WI, not common |
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Spider silk |
Web-spinning spiders have 3 pairs of silk glands in their abdomen Spinnerets - control the type & shape of silk produced, close up Made of protein Very strong |
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Spider webs |
Different shapes & sizes Dry, inelastic strands support web, provide safe pathway for spider Sticky, elastic strands capture prey |
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Spiders |
40,000+ species (500 WI) All predators, carnivorous Capture prey by ambush, chase or webs Book lungs: layers of tissues in abdomen - absorb O2 directly into blood from air All spiders venomous (most harmless to humans) |
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Spider venom |
Most neurotoxin - attack nervous system, paralyze small prey Black widow neurotoxin Spider neurotoxins cause intense pain in humans Brown recluse cytotoxin (hemolytic) Cytotoxins kill skin tissue, muscle tissue, and blood vessels - can result in open wounds, scarring Both found in WI, not common |
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Spider silk |
Web-spinning spiders have 3 pairs of silk glands in their abdomen Spinnerets - control the type & shape of silk produced, close up Made of protein Very strong |
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Spider webs |
Different shapes & sizes Dry, inelastic strands support web, provide safe pathway for spider Sticky, elastic strands capture prey |
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Spider mating |
Normally solitary animals, fight or flight Courtship rituals to safely occur Usually smaller male initiated mating by signaling his intentions to the female Sperm transferred to female by small leg like appendages called pedipalps Eggs left by female in a silken nest - baby spiders (spiderlings) hatch in a few weeks Ballooning |
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Chilopoda |
One pair of legs per body segment Simple eyes Poison fangs Long antennae Move rapidly Carnivores |
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Diplopoda |
Two pairs of legs per body segment Simple eyes Short antennae Move slowly Herbivores |
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Diplopoda |
Two pairs of legs per body segment Simple eyes Short antennae Move slowly Herbivores |
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Insecta |
1 million + species 74-75% of all animals Only 1% cause problems for humans 3 pairs of legs 3 body sections Compound eyes 2 pairs of wings (most species) Many sensory receptors (smell, touch, taste, temp, humidity) located on antennae, mouthparts, and sensory hairs on legs/ body |
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Diplopoda |
Two pairs of legs per body segment Simple eyes Short antennae Move slowly Herbivores |
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Insecta |
1 million + species 74-75% of all animals Only 1% cause problems for humans 3 pairs of legs 3 body sections Compound eyes 2 pairs of wings (most species) Many sensory receptors (smell, touch, taste, temp, humidity) located on antennae, mouthparts, and sensory hairs on legs/ body |
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Insecta vision |
Ocelli - 2-3 on dorsal surface of head Very sensitive to light Compound eyes - 100s or 1000s of ommatidia Sensitive to motion Image may be mosaic Can see color, but more sensitive to UV wavelengths |
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Diplopoda |
Two pairs of legs per body segment Simple eyes Short antennae Move slowly Herbivores |
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Insecta |
1 million + species 74-75% of all animals Only 1% cause problems for humans 3 pairs of legs 3 body sections Compound eyes 2 pairs of wings (most species) Many sensory receptors (smell, touch, taste, temp, humidity) located on antennae, mouthparts, and sensory hairs on legs/ body |
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Insecta vision |
Ocelli - 2-3 on dorsal surface of head Very sensitive to light Compound eyes - 100s or 1000s of ommatidia Sensitive to motion Image may be mosaic Can see color, but more sensitive to UV wavelengths |
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Pheromones |
Chemicals produced by many other animals for various types of: Communication Mark territory Recognize family members Attract mates Direct activities of others Mark trails, paths |
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Diplopoda |
Two pairs of legs per body segment Simple eyes Short antennae Move slowly Herbivores |
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Insecta |
1 million + species 74-75% of all animals Only 1% cause problems for humans 3 pairs of legs 3 body sections Compound eyes 2 pairs of wings (most species) Many sensory receptors (smell, touch, taste, temp, humidity) located on antennae, mouthparts, and sensory hairs on legs/ body |
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Insecta vision |
Ocelli - 2-3 on dorsal surface of head Very sensitive to light Compound eyes - 100s or 1000s of ommatidia Sensitive to motion Image may be mosaic Can see color, but more sensitive to UV wavelengths |
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Pheromones |
Chemicals produced by many other animals for various types of: Communication Mark territory Recognize family members Attract mates Direct activities of others Mark trails, paths |
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Pollination |
Insects pollinate 2/3 of all human crops Honey bees pollinate 1/3 of US crops, originally from Europe, introduced to this country in 1600s Recent population decline Pesticides, invasive mites, viruses, and fungi CCD- colony collapse disorder |
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Diplopoda |
Two pairs of legs per body segment Simple eyes Short antennae Move slowly Herbivores |
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Insecta |
1 million + species 74-75% of all animals Only 1% cause problems for humans 3 pairs of legs 3 body sections Compound eyes 2 pairs of wings (most species) Many sensory receptors (smell, touch, taste, temp, humidity) located on antennae, mouthparts, and sensory hairs on legs/ body |
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Insecta vision |
Ocelli - 2-3 on dorsal surface of head Very sensitive to light Compound eyes - 100s or 1000s of ommatidia Sensitive to motion Image may be mosaic Can see color, but more sensitive to UV wavelengths |
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Pheromones |
Chemicals produced by many other animals for various types of: Communication Mark territory Recognize family members Attract mates Direct activities of others Mark trails, paths |
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Pollination |
Insects pollinate 2/3 of all human crops Honey bees pollinate 1/3 of US crops, originally from Europe, introduced to this country in 1600s Recent population decline Pesticides, invasive mites, viruses, and fungi CCD- colony collapse disorder |
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Flight |
Adaption for survival Only invertebrates Operated by 2 sets of muscles inside thorax Direct flight muscles attached to wing base Indirect flight muscles attached to thorax |
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Efficient respiratory system |
Adaption for survival Branching network of small tubes (trachea) |
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Efficient respiratory system |
Adaption for survival Branching network of small tubes (trachea) |
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Most insects are terrestrial |
Adaption for survival Exoskeleton coated with waxy material |
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High reproductive rate |
Adaption for survival Adults produce hundreds or thousands of eggs - many generations in a few weeks or months |
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Hibernation |
Adaption for survival Capable of enduring winters and or droughts as eggs or in larval, pupal or nymph stages |
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Small size |
Adaption for survival |
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Small size |
Adaption for survival |
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Migration |
Adaption for survival Several species of dragonflies and monarch butterflies |
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Small size |
Adaption for survival |
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Migration |
Adaption for survival Several species of dragonflies and monarch butterflies |
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Mimicry |
Adaption for survival Resembles another animal or object in environment |
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Small size |
Adaption for survival |
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Migration |
Adaption for survival Several species of dragonflies and monarch butterflies |
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Mimicry |
Adaption for survival Resembles another animal or object in environment |
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Camouflage |
Adaption for survival Colors or patterns which allow animal to blend in with surroundings |
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Small size |
Adaption for survival |
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Migration |
Adaption for survival Several species of dragonflies and monarch butterflies |
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Mimicry |
Adaption for survival Resembles another animal or object in environment |
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Camouflage |
Adaption for survival Colors or patterns which allow animal to blend in with surroundings |
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Protective coloration |
Adaption for survival Bright colors or patterns designed to warn or scare possible predator |
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Metamorphosis |
Adaption for survival Process of development from egg to adult through several stages This allows insects to use different food supplies at different times in its life Reduces any competition between young and adults 3 types |
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Direct (metamorphosis) |
Bristle tails and silverfish Stages: egg, juvenile, adult |
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Incomplete (metamorphosis) |
Grass hoppers, dragonflies, damselflies, crickets, mayflies, roaches, lice, cicadas 3 stages: egg, nymph, adult |
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Incomplete (metamorphosis) |
Grass hoppers, dragonflies, damselflies, crickets, mayflies, roaches, lice, cicadas 3 stages: egg, nymph, adult |
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Nymph |
Smaller No wings Non functioning reproductive organs NAIADS |
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Complete (metamorphosis) |
Butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, bees, wasps, ants, termites, gnats, fleas (88%) 4 Stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult In many species, larva will molt several times - INSTAR |
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Complete (metamorphosis) |
Butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, bees, wasps, ants, termites, gnats, fleas (88%) 4 Stages: egg, larva, pupa, adult In many species, larva will molt several times - INSTAR |
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Echinodermata |
Prickly skin Usually group of 7000 marine species Water vascular system - tube feet, operates on hydraulic pressure Endoskeleton - CaCO3 with spines No head or brain (nerve net) Radial symmetry as adults Bilateral as larvae Hemal system: fluid filled channels with unknown function Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea lilies |
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Phylum chordata |
Cephalochordata Urochordata Vertebrata |
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Phylum chordata |
Cephalochordata Urochordata Vertebrata |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): dorsal notochord |
flexible rod of semi solid cells running length of body aids in support & movement may be called "backbone" May change to become many vertebrate |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): dorsal nerve cord |
Large nerve cord on top of notochord of within vertebrae |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): dorsal nerve cord |
Large nerve cord on top of notochord of within vertebrae |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): paired gill slits |
(Pharyngeal pouches) Openings that connect throat with outside of body Aids in filtering food and O2 from H2O in some species |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): dorsal nerve cord |
Large nerve cord on top of notochord of within vertebrae |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): paired gill slits |
(Pharyngeal pouches) Openings that connect throat with outside of body Aids in filtering food and O2 from H2O in some species |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): post anal tail |
Muscular tail that extends beyond location of anus on body |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): dorsal nerve cord |
Large nerve cord on top of notochord of within vertebrae |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): paired gill slits |
(Pharyngeal pouches) Openings that connect throat with outside of body Aids in filtering food and O2 from H2O in some species |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): post anal tail |
Muscular tail that extends beyond location of anus on body |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): endostyle |
Secretes mucus and proteins Thyroid gland |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): dorsal nerve cord |
Large nerve cord on top of notochord of within vertebrae |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): paired gill slits |
(Pharyngeal pouches) Openings that connect throat with outside of body Aids in filtering food and O2 from H2O in some species |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): post anal tail |
Muscular tail that extends beyond location of anus on body |
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5 basic Characteristics of Chordata (at some point during their lives): endostyle |
Secretes mucus and proteins Thyroid gland |
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Human chordate characteristics |
Only nerve cord and thyroid gland remain as adult traits |
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Tunicates |
Type of chordate Sea squirts small (1"-2") Marine Filter feeding Sac like animals Have all traits as larvae only |
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Tunicates |
Type of chordate Sea squirts small (1"-2") Marine Filter feeding Sac like animals Have all traits as larvae only |
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Lancelets |
Type of chordate Small (2"-3") Marine Filter feeding Fish like animals Amphioxus |
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Tunicates |
Type of chordate Sea squirts small (1"-2") Marine Filter feeding Sac like animals Have all traits as larvae only |
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Lancelets |
Type of chordate Small (2"-3") Marine Filter feeding Fish like animals Amphioxus |
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Vertebrates |
Type of chordate Animals with backbones 8 groups (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, bones fish, sharks, skates & rays, lampreys & hagfish) |
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Agnatha |
108 species Without jaws Hagfish, sea lamprey, brook lamprey |
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Similarities |
No jaw Skeleton is cartilage Notochord No scales Numerous gill slits Gills in pouches Same snake like appearance No paired fins |
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Similarities |
No jaw Skeleton is cartilage Notochord No scales Numerous gill slits Gills in pouches Same snake like appearance No paired fins |
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Hagfish |
Difference 2'-3' Marine only Bottom scavengers & predators Nearly blind Barbels Many gill openings No cerebellum No larval stage |
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Similarities |
No jaw Skeleton is cartilage Notochord No scales Numerous gill slits Gills in pouches Same snake like appearance No paired fins |
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Hagfish |
Difference 2'-3' Marine only Bottom scavengers & predators Nearly blind Barbels Many gill openings No cerebellum No larval stage |
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Sea lamprey |
Difference 1'-2' External parasite Good eyesight 7 gill openings Small cerebellum Long larval stage Uses anti coagulant when feeding Marine species but migrate to fresh water streams to reproduce (anadromous) Caused harm in Great Lakes |
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Brook lamprey |
Difference 8"-9" Clean Fresh water streams Scavengers |
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Brook lamprey |
Difference 8"-9" Clean Fresh water streams Scavengers |
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Sea lamprey life cycle |
May-June, adults swim up coastal streams to spawn (lay eggs) then die Eggs in shallow nests hatch in 3 weeks Larvae burrow in bottom, become filter feeders for 3+ more years Adults swim to ocean or lake, parasitic for 1-3 years Cycle begins again |
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Lamprey population controls |
Prevent spawning with use of weirs or electric barriers in breeding streams Velocity barriers (lamprey poor swimmers) Poison - most effective, TFM kills 95% of larvae and eggs in infected streams, $16 mil/ year Chemicals used to sterilize make lampreys Radiation (sterilize both sexes) Other chemicals that would act as repellents to keep lampreys out of spawning areas |
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Chondrichthyes |
Cartilage fishes 970+ species Sharks, skates, rays Mostly marine animals with cartilage skeletons, paired fins, hinged jaws, heterocercal caudal fin Teeth and scales similar in structure; called placoid scales for dermal denticles (contain pulp, dentine and enamel) Shark teeth continually develop- move into position as older teeth break off or fall out |
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Buoyancy |
Issues: these fish lack the air (swim) bladder that bony fish have Maintain: large liver containing lots of lipid (squalene), continually swimming and adjusting position of pectoral fins, forward movement creates lift |
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Buoyancy |
Issues: these fish lack the air (swim) bladder that bony fish have Maintain: large liver containing lots of lipid (squalene), continually swimming and adjusting position of pectoral fins, forward movement creates lift |
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Sharks find prey like most other predator fish |
Sound: lateral line detects low frequency sound waves (these sounds can carry for miles in water) listen for the sound of sick or injured animals Smell: nostrils very sensitive, odors can be detected from 100s of yards away Sight: eyesight good in most fish, prey selection based on color, (no sharks), shape and size, special organs on nose of sharks can detect electric and magnetic impulses of potential prey (ampullae of Lorenzini) |
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Sharks |
440+ species Size varries - less than 1' (dwarf lantern shark) to more than 40' (whale shark) Some are plankton eaters, some are scavengers, some are predators Only a few species (great white, tiger, bull, oceanic white tip) dangerous to humans |
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Sharks |
440+ species Size varries - less than 1' (dwarf lantern shark) to more than 40' (whale shark) Some are plankton eaters, some are scavengers, some are predators Only a few species (great white, tiger, bull, oceanic white tip) dangerous to humans |
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Skates |
Pelvic find divided into 2 loved Small dorsal fins on thicker tail No spine on tail Lay eggs |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Characteristics of Osteichthyes |
Skeletons of bone Gills protected by operculum Swim (air) bladder Most have 2 pairs of fins Scales are think plates of bone |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Characteristics of Osteichthyes |
Skeletons of bone Gills protected by operculum Swim (air) bladder Most have 2 pairs of fins Scales are think plates of bone |
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Age |
Scale rings Otoliths |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Characteristics of Osteichthyes |
Skeletons of bone Gills protected by operculum Swim (air) bladder Most have 2 pairs of fins Scales are think plates of bone |
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Age |
Scale rings Otoliths |
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Swim (air) bladder |
Thin walled sac filled with N2, O2, and CO2 Gasses diffuse in and out via blood vessels |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Characteristics of Osteichthyes |
Skeletons of bone Gills protected by operculum Swim (air) bladder Most have 2 pairs of fins Scales are think plates of bone |
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Age |
Scale rings Otoliths |
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Swim (air) bladder |
Thin walled sac filled with N2, O2, and CO2 Gasses diffuse in and out via blood vessels |
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Lobe finned fish |
Coelacanth and lungfish Bones, muscles in fleshy fins Swim (air) bladder connected to esophagus |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Characteristics of Osteichthyes |
Skeletons of bone Gills protected by operculum Swim (air) bladder Most have 2 pairs of fins Scales are think plates of bone |
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Age |
Scale rings Otoliths |
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Swim (air) bladder |
Thin walled sac filled with N2, O2, and CO2 Gasses diffuse in and out via blood vessels |
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Lobe finned fish |
Coelacanth and lungfish Bones, muscles in fleshy fins Swim (air) bladder connected to esophagus |
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Gill structure |
Gill filaments - exchange O2 & CO2 Gill arch - made of cartilage Gill rakers - either strain bits of food from water or prevent debris from entering throat |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Characteristics of Osteichthyes |
Skeletons of bone Gills protected by operculum Swim (air) bladder Most have 2 pairs of fins Scales are think plates of bone |
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Age |
Scale rings Otoliths |
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Swim (air) bladder |
Thin walled sac filled with N2, O2, and CO2 Gasses diffuse in and out via blood vessels |
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Lobe finned fish |
Coelacanth and lungfish Bones, muscles in fleshy fins Swim (air) bladder connected to esophagus |
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Gill structure |
Gill filaments - exchange O2 & CO2 Gill arch - made of cartilage Gill rakers - either strain bits of food from water or prevent debris from entering throat |
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Chroma tophores |
Special skin cells filled with pigments (produce color's of fish) Can change to match surroundings (slow) Makes more colorful during breeding season Some shrimp, isopods Cuttlefish, squid, octopi Frogs, salamanders Chameleons, anoles |
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Rays |
Pelvic fins single lobed No dorsal fins on slender tail Stinging spine on tail Live birth |
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Osteichthyes |
Bony fishes 95% of 28,000 species of fish Musky - WI state fish Coelacanth - primitive lobe finned fish thought to have been extinct until live specimens caught in Indian Ocean 1838 Humahum. - fish with pig nose, reef triggerfish, HI state fish |
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Ichthyology |
Study of fish |
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Characteristics of Osteichthyes |
Skeletons of bone Gills protected by operculum Swim (air) bladder Most have 2 pairs of fins Scales are think plates of bone |
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Age |
Scale rings Otoliths |
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Swim (air) bladder |
Thin walled sac filled with N2, O2, and CO2 Gasses diffuse in and out via blood vessels |
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Lobe finned fish |
Coelacanth and lungfish Bones, muscles in fleshy fins Swim (air) bladder connected to esophagus |
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Gill structure |
Gill filaments - exchange O2 & CO2 Gill arch - made of cartilage Gill rakers - either strain bits of food from water or prevent debris from entering throat |
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Chroma tophores |
Special skin cells filled with pigments (produce color's of fish) Can change to match surroundings (slow) Makes more colorful during breeding season Some shrimp, isopods Cuttlefish, squid, octopi Frogs, salamanders Chameleons, anoles |
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Fish senses |
Sight: seems good in most species, can see color shapes and movement quite well
Smell: very good, nostrils detect minute amounts of odor in H2O
Taste: seems to be poorly developed, better in species with barbels (taste buds)
Hearing: sound vibrations detected by air bladder, inner ear and skull bones, interpreted by brain
Touch: detected by skin, tongue, barbels, and lateral line |
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Sound |
Measured in hertz Vibrations per second |
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Sound |
Measured in hertz Vibrations per second |
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Fish circulatory system |
Single loop pattern: 2 chambers in heart O2 rich blood sent to body, O2 poor blood to gills |
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Sound |
Measured in hertz Vibrations per second |
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Fish circulatory system |
Single loop pattern: 2 chambers in heart O2 rich blood sent to body, O2 poor blood to gills |
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Fish reproduction |
Time: (in WI) regulated by day length and or temp of water Usually occurs in April may or June Place: usually shallow areas of lakes (near edges) or upstream in rocky areas of rivers, brooks (eggs often in shallow depressions in gravel or sand) Protection from predators More O2 available More food available Warmer water, eggs develop faster |
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Oviparous |
Eggs develop and hatch outside the females body Embryo fish obtains food from yolk (food supply inside egg) Most bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, all birds, monotremes, lampreys, skates |
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Ovoviviparous |
Eggs fertilized Develop and hatch inside females body Animal born alive Embryo gets food from yolk Some fish, snakes, some sharks, Rays |
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Ovoviviparous |
Eggs fertilized Develop and hatch inside females body Animal born alive Embryo gets food from yolk Some fish, snakes, some sharks, Rays |
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Viviparous |
Also inside, but embryo gets food supply from mother via umbilical cord Born alive Some sharks, sea horses (males), some snakes, most mammals |
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Ovoviviparous |
Eggs fertilized Develop and hatch inside females body Animal born alive Embryo gets food from yolk Some fish, snakes, some sharks, Rays |
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Viviparous |
Also inside, but embryo gets food supply from mother via umbilical cord Born alive Some sharks, sea horses (males), some snakes, most mammals |
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Ectothermy |
An animals body temp is regulated by the temp of the environment around it All invertebrates, all amphibians, most reptiles, most fish Great white sharks, mavo sharks, and tuna can raise their body temps 4 to 10 C above surrounding water Heat generated by liver and muscles |
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Miscellaneous Info |
All fish secrete mucus (slime) that covers skin and scales Provides streamlining - less friction while swimming Protection from predators, parasites, viruses, bacteria, and other disease causing micro organisms |
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Miscellaneous Info |
All fish secrete mucus (slime) that covers skin and scales Provides streamlining - less friction while swimming Protection from predators, parasites, viruses, bacteria, and other disease causing micro organisms |
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Invasive fish |
Sea lamprey Common carp Asian (silver) carp |
