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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ventral cavity
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thoracic
abdominopelvic |
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thoracic
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ventral cavity
r and l pleural = lungs mediastinum |
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mediastinum
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contains pericardial = where heart is within mediastinum
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abdominopelvic
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ventral cavity
abdominal and pelvic |
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membranes
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cover surfaces and line cavities:
cutaneous mucosa serous synovial |
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cutaneous membranes
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cover outer surfaces (skin)
epithelial |
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mucosa membranes
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line cavities that open to the outside
epithelial |
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serous membranes
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line cavities that don't open to the outside (lining of abdominal cavity, etc.)
epithelial |
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synovial membranes
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line joint capsules
contain epithelial-like tissues derived from connective tissue |
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integumentary system
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protects from pathogens
controls water loss thermoregulation synthesis of vitamin d protects against abrasion epidermis and dermis |
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dermis
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connective tissue with muscle and nerve
below epidermis sits on top of hypodermis |
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epidermis
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epithelial
cells made in deep layers, many cells thick cells move outward and slough off as they die |
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lice
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original lice moved to head, then picked up gorilla lice in pubic hair
body lice developed when we started wearing clothes ~110,000 years ago public lice related to gorilla lice, split off ~3million years ago |
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4 layers of skin
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stratum basale
stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum |
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stratum basale
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one cell thick
deepest, only one that divides (produces all the cells in the epidermis) |
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stratum spinosum
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several cells thick
takes up melanin from melanocytes |
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stratum granulosum
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several cells thick
cells dying (b/c farther from blood supply) making keratin and waterproof lipids |
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stratum corneum
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30 dead cells thick
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melanin
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produced in melanocytes
die as you age determine skin color stimulated by UV damage to melanocytes more melanin = darker |
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dermis
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capillaries, nerves, erector pili muscles
papillary layer reticular layer |
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erector pili muscles
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in the dermis
muscles that attatch to hair follicles to give goosebumps |
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papillary layer
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increased surface area
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reticular layer
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dense irregular ct (strength in multiple directions)
can tear go in a dominant direction, have to consider when cutting |
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dermal glands
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sweat
sebaceous ceruminous |
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sweat glands
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dermal gland
the result of infolding from epidermis apocrine and eccrine |
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apocrine sweat glands
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armpit and pubic region
not the seat that cools thicker |
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eccrine sweat glands
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most other areas
thin, watery, slightly salty, cooling |
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sebaceous glands
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dermal glands
sebum (oil) producing = keep skin soft and hydrated |
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ceruminous glands
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wax- ear canal
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hair
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highly keratinized compacted dead cells
eumelanin phaeomelanin grey hair from air in the medulla growth cycles |
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eumelanin
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dark hair
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phaeomelanin
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light/yellowish hair
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basal cell carcinoma
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stratum basale
least dangerous but most common |
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squamous cell carcinoma
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stratum spinosum cells
may be dangerous if not found early |
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melanoma
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melanocytes
most dangerous, least common ABCD |
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ABCD
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asymmetry
border color diameter larger than pencil eraser |
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osteocytes
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inside the bone
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osteoblasts
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make bone
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osteoclasts
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break bone down
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compact bone
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strong, hard like cement
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spongy/cancellous
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the bones' hollow inside
edges are rough and spongy looking |
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periosteum
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covers bones
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red marrow
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produces blood cells
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yellow marrow
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place body stores fat
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osteone
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each individual tree trunk
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lamellae
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like rings of tree
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haversian canal
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hollow down center
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osteocytes in lacune
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bone cells in spaces between lamellae
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canaliculi
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cracks in lamellae
give bone cells chance to pick up substances |
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bone growth
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hyaline cartilage models
internal cell death bone starts to replace cartilage in center- primary ossification center secondary ossification centers ossification centers meet cartilage gone, epiphyseal growth plate = final layer of cartilage |
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diaphysis
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center part of bone would grab
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epiphyses
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two tips of bone
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epiphyseal plate
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last layer of cartilage
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calcitonin
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thyroid gland
stimulates osteoblasts and slightly supresses osteoclasts = thicker bone |
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parathyroid hormone PtH
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parathyroid gland
stimulates osteoclasts = thinner homeostasis |
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bone repair
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hematoma repair
fibrocartilagenous callous formation fibroblasts and osteoblasts invade spongy bone callous formation remodeling of compact bone |
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fibrous joints
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bones connected by collagen fibers
skull sutures |
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cartilaginous joints
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cartilage (fibro or hyaline layer)
pubic symphysis |
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synovial joints
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very mobile
knee, elbow, hip, ankle, etc. synovial capsule and fluid articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage, which reduces friction |
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ligament
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bone to bone connection by dense regular tissue
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capsular ligament
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from capsule
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extracapsular ligament
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outside capsule
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intracapsular ligament
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rare
in capsule but not attatched |
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menisci
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in knee
fibrocartilage web prevent knee from sliding off tibia |
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bursae
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reduce friction, look like sacs
think about rolling balloon with hand |
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weeping lubrication
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hyaline cartilage absorbs some synovial fluid and squeezes it out when weight pressed on it
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hinge joints
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elbow, knee, knuckles
allow motion w/in a single plane |
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ball and socket joints
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shoulder, hip
roll |
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planar joints
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flat, bones that slide
carpals and tarsals |
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condyloid joints
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ball and socket joints that are oval in shape, rotation can't really happen
ex: wrists |
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radiocarpal joint
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wrist
complicated flexor retinaculum |
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flexor retinaculum
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attaches to two carpals: hamate hook and tubercule of the trapezium
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knee joint
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lateral and medial menisci
lots of bursae several fat pads extracapsular ligaments intracapsular ligaments |
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extracapsular knee ligaments
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tibial collateral or MCL
fibular collateral or LCL |
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intracapsular knee ligaments
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anterior cruciate or ACL
posterior cruciate or PCL look like crosses named after articulation point on tibia |
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membrane potential
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-70 milivolts
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-50
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trigger for gate to open
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voltage gated Na+
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top gates
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voltage gated K+
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bottom gates
opening is delayed |
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voltage cated Ca+
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very last top gate
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chemically gated Na+
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on left edge of synapse, how first voltage gated Na+ opens
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