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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most of the variation in populations that natural selection operates on today would come from
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random combination of gametes and independent assortment of chromosomes
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Alleles that have never been in a population of animals or plants, but all of a sudden appears, would likely be due to or caused by
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mutations
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The incorrect theory that "organisms can modify their bodies thru use or disuse of parts, and that these modifictions can be passed on to their offspring" was formulated by
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Lamarck
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The breeding of domesticated animals and plants would be an example of
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artificial selection
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That plants and animals change over time or that evolution does occur is illustrated by
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-breeding of domesticated animals
- fossil record - biogeopraphy - comparative anatomy and embryology |
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Who proposed the concept of natural selection, did not understand genetics, and proposed his own theory of pangenesis
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NONE OF THESE
-malthus - Lyell -haeckel -Cuvier |
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A temprary pond is a very unstable environment as is the ocean. That such ponds today are similar to those in triassic time could be explained by views of
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Lyell and Hutton
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Evolution of animals and plants is best understood by changes in allele frequencies of
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populations
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Amutation in the DNA occurs suck that adenine is substitued by guanine. This would be called a
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point
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Appendages/limbs of dogs, humans, birds and bats have many similar bones T or F
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True
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Boa constrictors have tiny pelvic girdles and leg bones within their bodies. Because these structures are nonfunctional "evolutionary baggage" they are called
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vestigial
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Early in development mammals, birds, reptiles and fish all have similar genes that are turned on but as they grow, other or different genes become turned on to cause them to become very different. Thus similarities disappear. T or F
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True
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Populations grow exponentially/geometrically, but are limited by food, space, predators, and disease. The less successful are usually eliminated T or F
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True
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Non-dysjunction occurs mostly during mitosis rather during meiosis T or F
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False
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Individual humans that have the same mistake at the same nucleotide of the haplotype are usually related. This is called a Hot Spot Mutation T or F
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False
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Human baby size is an example of ____ while lage turkey breasts are an example of ___
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Stabilizing selection, directional selection
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Eupolyploids have a full set of extra chromosomes, whereas an aneupolyploid has only one extra chromosome T or F
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True
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A gene that has many differenet copies in a chromosome would be an example of ____ while a loss of a gene would be a ____
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Duplication, deletion
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Nature selects ___ not ____
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Phenotypes, genotypes
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Benjamin Franklin stated "There is in short, no bound to the prolific nature of plants and animals, but what is made by their crowding and interfering with each others means of subsistence" Franklin views were similar to those of ____ but occured earlier
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Malthus
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Genetic information flows according to which sequence
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DNA --> MRNA --> PROTEINS --> CHARACTERISTICS
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Cutting the tails off mice for 100 generations and allowing them to interbreed will result in a population of mice with gense for short tails T or F
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False
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Natural selection can only act upon a certain trait if the trait is
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inheritable
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The intense selection for average sized snake eggs over both larger and smaller eggs is an example of
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stabilizing
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Which of the following statements about mutations is true..
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mutations occur at random and may be good, bad, or have no effect on the organism
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A change in the genetic makeup of a population is called
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Evolution
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During a storm a small flock of sparrows were driven out to sea. the establishment of a new population of birds on an island where none had previously existed is an example of
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founder's effect
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Nondysjunction of chromosomes occurs in all species but has the greatest bad/begative/severe effect with the
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austosomes
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When the Spanish invaded the Americas only a few thousand soldiers were ever in Cuba and Mexico at one time and the Spanish did not bring women over to colonize their territories as did the Dutch, French, and English. So, the Spanish/Hispanic soldiers breed with missions of American Indian women that they did not murder. The migration of Spanish alleles into the Indian population would have had a ____ genetic effect on the native population
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little
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When a few individuals of a species survive a natural catastrophe such as a fire by chance or luck, change in allelic frequencies in surviving population is referred to as a/an
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evolutionary bottleneck
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The occurrence of large numbers of marsupials and monotremes on australia and no wehre else would be best explained by ___ and ___
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Continental drift, geographic isolation
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One of the best fossil records of vertebrates is that of the ___ which arose in ____
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horse and camel, north america
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Charles Darwin believed that artificial selection by man was
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similar in many ways to natural selection
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One of the best examples of artificial selection would be found in
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Dogs and cats
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Dogs, coyotes, and wolves are iisolated from one another by ___ isolation, while horses and donkeys are isolated by __ isolation
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behavioral, genetic
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Evidence that supports the theory of evolution is found in the studies of
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all of these
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Both Darwin and Wallace were influenced by Lyell and Hutton's writings on
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uniformitarianism, population growth
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Populations that usually grow exponentially and are usually limited by
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-food
-predators -disease -shortage of space |
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For severe selection to occur environmental resources such as food and space must become limiting T or F
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True
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A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color types, green and brown. The brown phenotype may be more easily detected by the bird predator and decrease in frequency when the grairie is green. the opposite may be true in drought years when the green phenotype is more visible T or F
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True
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Inheritable mutations in the genes of an individual arise due to
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Random chance
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carriers of the sickle-celled trait are resistant to malaria T or F
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true
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That glycolysis, Kerb's cycle, meiosis, mitosis, protein synthesis are all similar in all cells suggests
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common ancestors to all cells
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Klinefelder's or Turner's syndrome are examples of
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aneupolyploids
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The irish population exploded during 1840 because of the introduction to the ___ and crashed because of ___ millions died
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potato, potato fungus
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Mallard and Pintail ducks are examples of true species that are reproductively isolated by
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behavioral isolation
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when hybrids breed back to one of their parents it is called introgression t or f
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True
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Mendel discovered reduction division when he discovered the principle of
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segregation
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In humans there are 22 pairs of ____ and one pair of ___
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austosomes and sex chromosomes
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Hemophilia is a genetic disease that has plagued the royal houses of europe since the time of queen victoria who was a carrier. how the queen become a carrier since there had never been hemophilia in her background
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an allele mutated in a gamete forming in her
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The morphans syndrome is caused by a dominant allese (M) normal allele is (m). two parents (mm X mm) have a baby with Morphans (Mm). where did the M allele come from
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mutation
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If there are four babies with Morphans born to both parents mm out of 100,000 babies, what is the mutation rate?
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1/ 50,000
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Although he did not realize it, gregor medel had discovered that each pea unit was an ____ and that his principle of segregation was
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alleles, reduction division
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The region of the chromosome occupied by a gene is called a locus t or f
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True
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A gene is a portion of DNA that resides at a particular locus or site on a chromosome and encodes a protein/particular fuction t or f
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True
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Recessive charactersistics like hemophilia and colorblindness occur on the ___ and therefore show up ___
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x chromosome, more often in males
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Assuming no linkage and independent assortment in the polygenic cross of two parents both A/A B/b, what would be the number of offspring A/A b/b in the F1 generation
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1/4
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Mende's paper on ingeritance did not include
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prin. of unit isolation
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A recessive allele/gene is one
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-that is not expressed as strongly as dominant allele
- whose effect is usually masked by a dominant allele |
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Which of the following statements is false
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individuals with the same genotype might have different phenotypes
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If, in a heterozygous individual, only one allele is expressed in the phenotype that expressed allele is
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dominant
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Which disorders are characterized by sterile males with some breast development and females with poorly developed sexual characteristics
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Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome
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A genetic cross produced 915 offspring with normal pigment and 310 with albinism. Conclusion?
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both parents were heterozygous
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If we cross two pea plants each heterozygous yellow seeded for yellow seed color genes, the expected ratio of yellow : green among the offspring will be
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75% yellow : 25% green
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What type of allele produces its effects only in homozygous individuals?
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recessive
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When two alleles of a gene move into different gametes this demonstrates the principle of
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segregation
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In a certain African trive, 25% of the population is born with severe sickle celling. What percentage of the population enjoys protection from malaria
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50
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What percentage are highly susceptible to malaria by being homozygous normal
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25
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Considering only independent assortment of chromosomes, an animal with 20 pairs of chromosomes could make ____ different sex cells
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2^20
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To determine the genotype of an individual, it must be test crossed with a
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homozygous recessive individual
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All the characters of plants and animals contain genes that have been selected for over time t or f
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true
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A monohybrid cross will usually result in ____ phenotypes and ____ genotypes if both parents are heterozygous
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2, 3
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Why would you predict that half of the human babies born will be males and half will be females?
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because of the segregation of the x and y chromosomes during meiosis
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Gene flow between two populations will assist them in becoming two different populations t or f
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False
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If there are 8 babies with Morphans born to both parents mm out of 100,000 babies what is the mutation rate
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1/25,000
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If the two genes are located on separate chromosomes what are the possible genotypes of gametes of an organism that is HhTt
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Ht, ht, HT, and tT
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Because alleles have been selected for over long periods of time by nature which of the following is the most correct statement about mutations
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estimated that about one in a thousand beneficial
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The number of different sex cells an individual human can produce by independent assortment and crossing over is
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millions greater than 2^23
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Where/when in cell meiosis does the actual process of independent assortment of alleles occur
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during anaphase I
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Which of the following is true of genes that are found near each other on the same chromosome
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-they tend to be ingerited together
- they are linked |
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Bar body occurs in females only t or f
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True
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Crosses between cattle and buffalo always result in offspring that are highly fertile t or f
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False
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Different kinds of animals and plants are differene because they cannot breed successfully with each other and produce fertile offspring t or f
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true
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They physical expression of characteristics are referred to as ____ while the genetic makeup is referred to as ____
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Phenotype, genotype
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Since they rarely mate and produce offspring, why does the dominant allele for chondrodystropic/achondroplastic dwarfism not disappear from the human population
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allele mutations (d-> D)
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Many different genotypes intermediate to their parents, like intelligence and height would most likely be controlled by
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multiple gene effects
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Out of 10,000 snails, 8400 were dark colored and 1600 were light colored, the gene frequencies for the Dark allele and light would be
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0.6 , 0.4
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How many carriers and how many homozygous dominant snails would be in the above population
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4800, 3600
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A monohybrid (Aa x Aa) cross will usually reseult in ____ phenotypes and ____ genotypes if both parents are heterozygous
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2, 3
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Humans, including yourself, possess
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1 pair of sex phromosomes and 23 pairs of ausomes
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Human skin color height and intelligence are all the result of
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polygenic ingeritance
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A human sperm cell recwives autosomes and
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either an X or a Y chromosome
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In a dihybrid cross where both parents are homosygous for both characters (eeVgVg x EEvgvg) abut how many offspring out of 16 will be homozygous dominant
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0
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A, B, and O characters would be an example of
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multiple allele characters
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Traits controlled by sex-linked recessive genes are expressed more often in males because
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the male has only one gene for the trait
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A recessive allele on the X chromosome causes colorblindness. A non- colorblind woman (whose father is colorblind) marries a colorblind man. what is the chance their son will be colorblind?
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50%
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All of the characters that Mendel chose were ___ and ____
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dominant/recessive, not linked
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If two plants are crossed, one white flowered and the other red flowered, and some of the F1 flowers were pink, this is an example of
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codominance
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Hardy-Weinberg binomial equation is used to show changes in allele frequencies in dindividuals rather than populations t or f
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False
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