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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 8 fundamental properties of life that all organisms share
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1. cellular organization
2. sensitivity 3. growth 4. development 5. reproduction 6. regulation 7. homeostasis 8. heredity |
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describe sensitivity
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all organisms respond stimuli
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describe growth
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all living things assimilate energy and use it to grow
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what is metabolism
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the process of all living things assimilating energy and using it to maintain internal order and grow
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describe development
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both unicellular and multicellular organisms undergo systematic, gene-directed changes as they grow and mature
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describe regulation
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all organisms have regulatory mechanisms that coordinate internal processes
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what is based on the replication of a long complex molecule called DNA
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genetic system
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what is panspermia
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the hypothesis that proposes that metoers or cosmic dust may have carried significant amounts of complex organic molecules to earth, kicking off the evolution of life
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What is the miller and urey experiment
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assemble a reducing atmosphere rich in hydrogen and no oxygen, place atmospere over water, maintain at high temp, simulate lightning
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What did the miller and urey experiment find
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within a week 15% of the carbon converted into simple compounds, then went on to form more complex molecules
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What is most likely the first genetic material
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RNA
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Why is RNA a likely candidateq
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it can act as an enzyme used in self-replication (ribozyme)
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what are binomials and what are they relative to the subject
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two-part names, the standard way of designating a species
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what is taxonomy the science of
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classifying living things
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what is a taxon
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a group of organisms at a particular level in a classification system
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what is significant about the first name of the binomial
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it is the genus to which the organism belongs (always capitilized)
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what does the second name refer to
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the particular species (lowercase)
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the two words together are called what
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the species name or scientific name
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a cluster that includes genera with similar characteristics
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family
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similar families are place in the same ____
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order
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what is a class
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orders with common properties
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classes with similar characteristics
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phylum
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the phylas are assigned to several great groups called
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kingdoms
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what are the kingdoms
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1. two kinds of prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria)
2. a largely unicellular group of eukaryotes (protista) 3. three multicellular groups (fungi, plantae, animilia) |
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in the 6 kingdom system four of the kingdoms consist of what
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eukaryotic organisms
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what are the 2 most familiar kingdoms
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animalia and plantae
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what do animalia and plantae contain
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only organisms that are multicellular during most of their life cycle
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what does the kingdom FUNGI contain
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multicellular forms and single-celled yeasts
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the large number of eukaryotes that dont fit in any of the 3 eukaryotic kingdoms are grouped into what single kingdom
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protista
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most protists are
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unicellular or have a unicellular phase in their life cycle
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the protists are what type of group
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paraphyletic (also contains several nonmonophyletic adaptive lineages with distinct evolutionary origins)
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what do the archaea and bacteria kingdoms consist of
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prokaryotic organisms
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the 3 domains are probably
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monophyletic
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currently biologists recognize how many domains
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3 (archaea, bacteria, eukarya)
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true or false bacteria are more numerous than any other organism
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true
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most biologists recognize how many groups of bacteria
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12-15
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what characteristics do archaea share
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cell walls lack peptidoglycan, the lipids in the cell membranes of the archae have a different structure from those in all other organisms, and archae have distinctive ribosomal RNA sequences
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What do both archae and eukaryotes lack
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peptidoglycan in cell walls
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what are the 3 categories of archae
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methanogens, extremophiles, nonextreme archae
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how do methanogens obtain their energy
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by using hydrogen gas to reduce carbon dioxide to methane gas.
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Where can you find methanogens and what do they produce
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swamps, marshes, and the intestines of mammals 2 billion tons of methane gas
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what are the types of extremophils
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1. thermophiles -60-80 degree C, autotrophs with a sulferbased metabolism
2. cold-adapted- live in glacier ice 3. halophiles- live in very salty conditions 4. pH-tolerant archae- grow in highly acidic or highly basic environment 5. pressure tolerant archaea- found in the ocean depths |
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eukaryotes have ________ cells
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compartmentalized
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what is the hallmark of eukaryotes
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complex cellular organization
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mitochondria and chloroplasts are both believed to have entered early eukaryotic cells by a process called
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endosymbiosis
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what are the 3 characteristics that distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes
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1.compartmentilization
2. multicellularity 3. sexual reproduction |
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what are "parasitic" macromolecules, segments of DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat
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viruses
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