Bio 29-1

Front 1

what were some of the steps involved with eukaryote evolution

Back 1

1. cell surfaces became more flexible
2. DNA became surrounded by an envolope
3. an internal cytockeleton facilitated movement
4. vacuoules arose that aided digestion

Front 2

what arose from membrane infoldings

Back 2

nucleus and ER

Front 3

what are bacteria that live within other cells and perform specific functions for their host cells called

Back 3

endosymbiotic bacteria

Front 4

what evolved from engulfed aerobic bacteria

Back 4

mitochondria

Front 5

what evolved from engulfed photosynthetic bacteria

Back 5

chloroplasts

Front 6

chloroplast endosymbiosis occured more than once which is an example of

Back 6

seconday symbiosis

Front 7

plants all occured from what type of endosymbiosis

Back 7

primary endosymbiosis

Front 8

whats an example of seconday symbiosis

Back 8

brown algae engulfing one or more red algae which had enngulfed something to create chloroplast

Front 9

DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to that of

Back 9

bacteria

Front 10

protists are the most ____ of the four kingdoms in the domain eukarya

Back 10

diverse

Front 11

how are protists united

Back 11

they are eukaryotes that arent fungi, plants, or animals

Front 12

single-celled eukaryotic organisms have been typically grouped togehter and called ____

Back 12

protists

Front 13

Give some examples of how protists cell surfaces vary wideley

Back 13

-amoebas are surrounded only by their plasma membrane
- all other protists have plasma membrane surrounded by ECM
-some ECMs may be hard like shells of silica in forminifera and diatoms
-form cysts-resistant outer coverings

Front 14

protists move mainly by (2things)

Back 14

flagellar rotation, or pseudopodial movement

Front 15

autotrophic protists that are photosynthetic are called

Back 15

phototrophs

Front 16

how do the heterotrophic phagotrophs get food

Back 16

ingest visible particles of food by pullind them into intracellular vesicles called food vacuoles

Front 17

what type of food do osmotrophs ingest

Back 17

soluble

Front 18

what are mixotrophs

Back 18

protists that are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

Front 19

how do protists reproduce

Back 19

asexually (e.g. budding/mitosis) and sexually (e.g. meiosis forms haploid cells/fertilization)

Front 20

protists are the bridge to _____ which allows multiple protists to become one and work on one task

Back 20

multicellularity

Front 21

what is similar about diplomonads and parabasalids

Back 21

they are flagellated and lack mitochondria

Front 22

diplomonads have __ nuclei

Back 22

2

Front 23

Whats an example of a diplomonad and what does it cause

Back 23

giardia, a parasite that causes diarreah

Front 24

parabasalids have _____ membranes

Back 24

undulating

Front 25

whats an example of a function of a parabasalids

Back 25

live in the gut of termites and digests cellulose

Front 26

whats another example of a parabaslid that causes something

Back 26

trichomonas vaginalis, causes vaginitis

Front 27

the ancestors of diplomonads and parabasalids are likely to be waht

Back 27

of the earlist eukaryotes

Front 28

what is a basic description of euglenozoa

Back 28

a diverse group in which some members have chloroplasts (1/3)

Front 29

describe euglenoids

Back 29

-of the first to develop mitochondria
-free-living
-have anterior flagella

Front 30

what is a pellicle

Back 30

protein strips in a helical pattern that form a flexible structure

Front 31

where is the pellicle located in euglenoids

Back 31

within the plasma membrane

Front 32

what is the best known euglenozoa

Back 32

euglena

Front 33

describe structure of euglena

Back 33

-two flagella(one long with row of hairlike projections, one shorter within reservoir)
-have contractile vacuoles that regulate osmotic pressure
-have numerous chloroplasts

Front 34

whats the second major group of euglenozoa

Back 34

kinetoplastids

Front 35

what is unique about kinetoplastids

Back 35

parasitic, two flagella, single mitochondria

Front 36

what is a trypanosome

Back 36

a disease-causing kinetoplastids
(african-sleeping sickness and something with tsetse fly)

Front 37

what are the three members of alveolata

Back 37

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

Front 38

What are some common traits of alveolata members

Back 38

-flattened vesicles in a layer beneath plasma membrane (alveoli)
-reproduce asexually and sexually
-unicellular with 2 flagella

Front 39

most dinoflagellates are ________ unicells

Back 39

photosynthetic

Front 40

what are some characteristics of dinoflagellates

Back 40

- live in marine and freshwater habitats
- have external cellulose plates that encase them
- DNA lacks histones
- contain carotenoids
-primarily reproduce asexually (asexual cell division)

Front 41

what does an overgrowth of dinoflagellates cause

Back 41

red tide

Front 42

what are all apicomplexans

Back 42

spore-forming parasites of animals

Front 43

why are apicomplexans called what they are

Back 43

they have an apical complex, which is unique arrangement of microtubules, fibrils, vacuoles, and otehr cell organelles

Front 44

what does the apical complex enable the apicomplexan to do

Back 44

invade the host

Front 45

what is the best known apicomplexan and what does it cause

Back 45

plasmodium, malaria

Front 46

what are other types of apicomplexans

Back 46

gregarines, toxoplasma (cat litter)

Front 47

describe cilliates

Back 47

-have large number of cilia
- typically heterotrophs
- have pellicle similar to euglenoids
- have a micro and macro nucleus

Front 48

what is a well-known ciliate

Back 48

paramecium

Front 49

ciliates form _____ for ingesting food and maintaining water balance

Back 49

vacuoles

Front 50

What are stramenopila

Back 50

protists with fine hairs

Front 51

what are radiolarians

Back 51

they are a member of actinopoda, they secrete glassy exoskeletons made of silica

Front 52

are foraminifera heterotrophic or autotrophic

Back 52

heterotrophic

Front 53

what is a specific characterisic of foraminifera

Back 53

pore-studded shells called tests, composed of organic materials that are reinforced with CaCO3 sand or other shit

Front 54

what are podia

Back 54

a certain type of foraminifera's cytoplasmic projections taht emerge through openings in the test

Front 55

what is a nonwalled multinucleate mass of cytoplasm taht resembles a moving mass of slime

Back 55

plasmodium

Front 56

when food is scarce what do cellular slime molds resemble

Back 56

slugs

Front 57

in cellular slime molds what affords the greatest advantage for surviving food shortages

Back 57

there ability to produce spores