Bio-271 Final Review

Front 1

Hydrocephalus may result from ___________________________.

Back 1

brain tumor, intraventricular hemorrhage, meningitis, traumatic injury to the head

Front 2

Chemical synapses use ____________________ to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next.

Back 2

neurotransmitters

Front 3

The term ________________________ describes cases of cerebral palsy in which one arm & one leg on the same side of the body are involved.

Back 3

hemiplegia

Front 4

Which of the following is not a lobe of the brain?

Back 4

corpus callosum

Front 5

Movement disorders may be a result of ____________________________.

Back 5

-excessive excitatory responses in nervous tissue

-excessive inhibitory responses in nervous tissue

-an excess of neurotransmitter

-a deficiency of neurotransmitter

Front 6

Which of the following is true about how the brain changes as we age?

Back 6

-the ventricles enlarge

-the sulci widen

-the brain decreases in volume & weight

-the incidence of neurologic disorders increases

Front 7

The ___________________ of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body towards another neuron.

Back 7

axon

Front 8

Which of the following would be an effect of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 8

an increase in heart rate

Front 9

The phase of an action potential in which sodium ions flow into the neuron is called ______________________.

Back 9

depolarization

Front 10

Which of the following is a function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Back 10

-cushioning the brain

-reducing pressure on the brain

-removing harmful substances from the brain

-transporting hormones to remote location in the brain

Front 11

The cardinal sign of hydrocephalus in newborns is ____________________.

Back 11

increased head circumference

Front 12

Clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis are related to _________________________.

Back 12

a slowing of nervous impulse conduction

Front 13

When incomplete spinal cord transection occurs very high up (at C1-C2), the resulting manifestations would be _________________________.

Back 13

-loss of involuntary functions

-breathing problems

-paralysis of upper body

-paralysis of lower body

Front 14

________________ results from inadequate perfusion to nerve tissue, causing impaired oxygenation.

Back 14

Ischemic injury

Front 15

Which of the following can be a clinical manifestation of cerebral palsy?

Back 15

-motor function

-impairment in cognitive ability

-speech impairment

-seizures

Front 16

Which of the following is false about depression?

Back 16

A person with depression can cure themselves simply by willing it.

Front 17

Which of the following is a function of the spinal cord?

Back 17

-serving as a pathway for impulses coming from peripheral areas of the body
-controlling reflexes

Front 18

The swelling of a neuron due to injury is called _______________________.

Back 18

chromatolysis

Front 19

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by:

Back 19

demyelination of neurons

Front 20

Which of the following puts the parts of a reflex arc in the correct order?

Back 20

receptor --> sensory neuron --> interneuron --> motor neuron --> target organ

Front 21

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of macular degeneration?

Back 21

-loss of central vision

-difficulty reading

-limited night vision

-blindness

Front 22

Migraine headaches are often associated with

Back 22

-nausea

-vomiting

-sensitivity to noise

-sensitivity to light

Front 23

The ability of the brain to detect the location of a skin touch in 2 different areas simultaneously is called

Back 23

two point discrimination

Front 24

Fibromyalgia involves which 2 tissue types?

Back 24

fibrous and muscle

Front 25

Which of the following would not be a clinical manifestation of otitis media?

Back 25

impaired vision

Front 26

___________________________ is caused by the formation of new blood vessels under the retina.

Back 26

wet macular degeneration

Front 27

Meniere's disease affects _______________________.

Back 27

balance

Front 28

"Swimmer's ear", or _______________________, is a condition of the external ear.

Back 28

otitis externa

Front 29

Which of the following sense tactile stimuli?

Back 29

-Meissner's corpuscles

-Merkel discs

-Pacinian corpuscles

-hair follicle receptors

Front 30

________________________ detect pain stimuli.

Back 30

nociceptors

Front 31

The __________________theory of pain suggests that duration of pain, quantity of tissue involved, and summation of impulses all influence pain perception.

Back 31

pattern

Front 32

________________ are a type of photoreceptor that produce the pigment rhodopsion, and are active in dim light.

Back 32

rods

Front 33

The eyes smoothly following a moving object is called ____________________.

Back 33

pursuit

Front 34

Type _________ fibers are large in diameter and myelinated. They may also diminish pain sensations.

Back 34

A

Front 35

Which of the following is a risk factor for glaucoma?

Back 35

age, African-American race, diabetes, eye trauma

Front 36

____________________ order neurons communicate sensory information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.

Back 36

Third

Front 37

An irregular curvature of the lens is called ______________________.

Back 37

astigmatism

Front 38

Primary open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma are both characterized by

Back 38

an abnormally high intraocular pressure

Front 39

The sensation of taste is recognized by ligand binding to which of the following receptor types?

Back 39

chemoreceptor

Front 40

The ______________________ contains the sensory receptors for hearing, and is located in the cochlea of the inner ear.

Back 40

organ of Corti

Front 41

Pneumonia is most commonly caused by

Back 41

a microorganism

Front 42

Which of the following does not happen with asthma?

Back 42

decrease in elasticity of alveoli

Front 43

___________________________ is the volume of air exhaled after a passive (resting) inhalation.

Back 43

tidal volume

Front 44

What is the function of surfactant?

Back 44

it is a lubricant that prevents the alveoli from sticking together

Front 45

Cystic fibrosis is caused by _______________________________.

Back 45

a genetic mutation

Front 46

A thickening of the respiratory membrane would cause

Back 46

-a decrease in the amount of oxygen entering the blood

-a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled

-a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the tissues

-an increased acidity of the blood

Front 47

Which of the following would be considered a protective structure or mechanism of the respiratory tract?

Back 47

nose hairs, mucus, irritant receptors, macrophages in alveoli

Front 48

Which of the following would cause impaired ventilation?

Back 48

edema, inflammation, fibrosis, bronchoconstriction

Front 49

Which of the following about emphysema is false?

Back 49

Damage caused by emphysema is reversible.

Front 50

Which of the following describes the flow of air into the lungs in the correct order?

Back 50

nasal cavity --> pharynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> lungs

Front 51

Difficulty breathing, or shortness of breath, is called ____________________.

Back 51

dyspnea

Front 52

Most carbon dioxide (60-70%) is transported in the blood __________________________.

Back 52

as bicarbonate

Front 53

What is the major role of oxygen in the body?

Back 53

it is necessary for cellular metabolism

Front 54

The bacteria that causes __________________________ can be contained by the immune system in a Ghon focus.

Back 54

tuberculosis

Front 55

Which of the following things occurs with chronic bronchitis?

Back 55

a. chronic inflammation of airways

b. destruction of cilia

c. squamous cell metaplasia

d. fibrosis in bronchial walls

Front 56

The process of _____________________ involves both breathing in and breathing out.

Back 56

ventilation

Front 57

Which of the following is true about cystic fibrosis?

Back 57

its a fatal disease
it leads to an increase in mucous production

c. It also affects the digestive tract.

d. It is most often diagnosed by 1 year of age.

Front 58

Painless enlargement and flattening of the fingertips associated with chronic hypoxia is called _____________________.

Back 58

clubbing

Front 59

Hemoglobin is considered fully saturated when it is bound to ________ oxygen molecules.

Back 59

4

Front 60

Which of the following is true about acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Back 60

a. It is usually caused by some type of injury to the lungs.

b. It can cause atelectasis.

c. It can be fatal within 48 hours if untreated.

d. It leads to impaired ventilation and diffusion.

Front 61

______________________ shock results from a decreased blood volume.

Back 61

Hypovolemic

Front 62

Which of the following is false about strokes?

Back 62

b. It is possible to fully recover from a completed stroke with no neurological damage.

Front 63

Which of the following describes the pathway of blood through the heart and lungs correctly?

Back 63

right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle

Front 64

Which of the following blood vessels delivers blood directly to the heart muscle?

Back 64

right & left coronary arteries

Front 65

In an ECG trace, the P wave represents

Back 65

atrial depolarization

Front 66

The layer of the heart wall that contains cardiac muscle is called the ________________.

Back 66

myocardium

Front 67

Which of the following best explains how baroreceptors help control blood pressure?

Back 67

They monitor pressure in the vessels & alert the cardiovascular center in the brain about changes in BP.

Front 68

One of your patients with left heart failure wonders why he is short of breath and has a watery cough. You explain to him that:

Back 68

The left ventricle is having problems pumping blood forward, and this is causing blood to back up into his lungs.

Front 69

Large areas of blood accumulation in the tissues are called

Back 69

hematomas

Front 70

Which of the following is true about diastole?

Back 70

-the ventricles are relaxed

-the atria are contracting

-the AV valves are open

-blood is filling the ventricles

Front 71

Myocardial infarction can lead to

Back 71

-impaired pumping of the heart

-impaired electrical conduction of the heart

-tissue death beyond the blockage

-angina pectoris

Front 72

Which of the following is true about disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

Back 72

-it is an uncontrolled activation of clotting factors

-it results in widespread clotting due to formation of unnecessary thrombi

-clotting leads to massive hemorrhage because clotting factors and platelets are depleted by unnecessary thrombi

-complications during labor and delivery can be a cause of DIC

Front 73

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one beat is called

Back 73

stroke volume

Front 74

Which of the following would not be a cause of hypertension?

Back 74

decreased sympathetic NS activity

Front 75

A weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel is called a(n)

Back 75

aneurysm

Front 76

Which of the following is false about the relationship of ventilation and perfusion in the lungs?

Back 76

the rate of ventilation is usually much higher than the rate of perfusion

Front 77

Which of the following could cause inadequate cardiac output?

Back 77

decreased blood volume, weak heart, a defect in the conduction system, structural heart defects

Front 78

If a patient is receiving IV fluids, and the nurse does not remove all of the air from the tubing, air entering the blood vessels would have which of the following effects?

Back 78

-it would act as an embolus and could obstruct blood flow through a vessel

-it could cause tissue death

Front 79

Narrowing of the heart valves is called

Back 79

stenosis

Front 80

Hypertension is generally indicated by a systolic pressure above ___________ and/or a diastolic pressure above ____________.

Back 80

140, 90

Front 81

BMI stands for ___________________, and is a common measurement used to help diagnose obesity.

Back 81

body mass index

Front 82

Individuals with anorexia nervosa may experience amenorrhea, which is:

Back 82

the cessation of menstrual periods

Front 83

Parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______________________, which helps activate pepsinogen and destroy pathogens.

Back 83

hyrdochloric acid

Front 84

The recommended daily intake of fats is ______________% or less of total calories

Back 84

30

Front 85

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

Back 85

starch

Front 86

Which of the following organs is involved with the emulsification of fats?

Back 86

liver and gallbladder

Front 87

Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient?

Back 87

vitamins and minerals

Front 88

Iron deficiency anemia can be manifested as pica, which is:

Back 88

the compulsion to eat ice or non-food substances like dirt or clay

Front 89

__________________________ fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are not known to increase blood cholesterol levels. They are found in plants & are usually liquids at room temperature.

Back 89

Unsaturated

Front 90

Which of the following is true about anorexia nervosa?

Back 90

-Individuals may have low self esteem & a perfectionist personality.
-Individuals may be experiencing family dysfunction.
-It may be accompanied by mental disorder, such as depression or anxiety.
-It may be influenced by cultural pressures to lose weight and be thin.

Front 91

Celiac disease is a sensitivity to __________________, which is a protein found in wheat, rye, oats, & barley.

Back 91

gluten

Front 92

Which of the following is false about celiac disease?

Back 92

It is never possible for the intestines to return to optimal function.

Front 93

Malabsorption may be caused by:

Back 93

-pancreatic dysfunction

-inadequate bile secretion

-inflammatory conditions of the GI tract

-lymphatic obstructions

Front 94

Which of the following is represented in the USDA food pyramid?

Back 94

-physical activity

-moderation

-variety of different foods

-proportionality

Front 95

Which of the following is false about manifestations of altered nutrition?

Back 95

There are no problems associated with excessive levels of vitamins or minerals

Front 96

Protein-energy malnutrition can be related to __________________, which is a deprivation of all food leading to starvation.

Back 96

marasmus

Front 97

Which of the following is usually NOT a manifestation of obesity?

Back 97

hypotension

Front 98

Which of the following best describes the term 'anemia'?

Back 98

Anemia is a low red blood cell count that results in a decreased oxygen delivery to cells.

Front 99

________________________ is/are the largest single component of the body and is essential for all body functions, including digestion, absorption, transportation & excretion.

Back 99

water

Front 100

____________________ must be absorbed by lymphatic capillaries called lacteals, because they form particles called micelles, which are too big to enter blood capillaries.

Back 100

fatty acids

Front 101

_________________ are protein aggregations formed in Parkinson's disease.

Back 101

lewy bodies

Front 102

The ___________ theory of aging suggests that aging is caused by a reduced resistance to disease.

Back 102

immunologic

Front 103

Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is done by:

Back 103

autopsy

Front 104

Neurological changes with aging include:

Back 104

decreased brain mass

Front 105

The cause of progeria is:

Back 105

a genetic mutation in the LMNA gene

Front 106

Slowed movements associated with Parkinson's disease are referred to as:

Back 106

bradykinesia

Front 107

Loss of skeletal muscle with aging is called:

Back 107

sarcopenia

Front 108

Which of the following is not a sign of Alzheimer's disease?

Back 108

enhanced language ability

Front 109

Which of the following is a potential metabolic alteration leading to osteoporosis in elderly people?

Back 109

-decreased calcitonin levels

-increased parathyroid hormone levels

-reduced vitamin D activation

-decreased intestinal absorption of calcium

Front 110

Age related melanin deficiency leads to which of the following manifestations?

Back 110

graying hair

Front 111

Renal function impairment in aging is related to:

Back 111

reduced nephron number

Front 112

Which of the following contributes to age associated decrease in total body water?

Back 112

-decreased muscle mass

-increased fat mass

-decreased kidney function

Front 113

Which of the following is not a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Back 113

a very active lifestyle

Front 114

Slow bone loss that affects both men and women is called:

Back 114

senescent bone loss

Front 115

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a decrease in the neurotransmitter:

Back 115

dopamine

Front 116

Reabsorption of bone by cells called _____________ is favored over bone formation during osteoporosis.

Back 116

osteoclasts

Front 117

Which of the following explains why people age 60 and older are more often affected by cancer?

Back 117

-they have impaired function

-genetic mutations have accumulated over time

-they have had prolonged exposure to carcingens

-their DNA has an impaired ability to repair itself

Front 118

Accumulation of the protein ________ causes neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease.

Back 118

Tau

Front 119

Undernutrition and decreased response to hunger in the elderly may be due to a decrease in the hormone ___________, which is produced by adipose tissue.

Back 119

leptin

Front 120

Which of the following changes results in increased cardiad afterload and hypertension in the elderly?

Back 120

decreased elasticity in arterial connective tissue

Front 121

The mechanism for the development of the dawn phenomenon is related to the release of:

Back 121

hormones

Front 122

Diabetics experience __________, which is defined as excessive thirst.

Back 122

polydipsia

Front 123

Which of the following about gestational diabetes is false?

Back 123

babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes may be smaller than normal

Front 124

Which of the following would be a result of somatic neuropathy?

Back 124

skeletal muscle weakness

Front 125

The hormone ___________ is responsible for uptake of glucose by the body's cells.

Back 125

insulin

Front 126

An individual is less likely to develop the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus if their blood sugar is in the range of _____________ mg/dL

Back 126

70-120

Front 127

A decrease in insulin production could be caused by damage to the ___________ cells of the pancreas.

Back 127

beta

Front 128

A 12 year old boy is diagnosed with type I diabetes, and is prescribed insulin. During is gym class, he experiences hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion for the first time. The most probable cause of these symptoms is:

Back 128

hypoglycemia caused by administering too much insulin that morning

Front 129

One of the most important predictors for mortality in type I diabetes patients is:

Back 129

amputation

Front 130

Intermittent claudication is:

Back 130

fatigue or aching in the leg muscles

Front 131

Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of type II diabetes mellitus. What is the mechanism for this?

Back 131

obesity causes the release of fatty acids and cytokines, which interfere with insulin receptors

Front 132

In diabetic ketoacidosis,

Back 132

-fatty acids are moblilzed for energy because of low insulin levels
-blood pH is lower than normal
-there can be widespread cellular injury
- hyperglycemia promotes osmotic diuresis

Front 133

Why are individuals with diabetes mellitus more susceptible to infection?

Back 133

-excess blood glucose provides food for microorganisms

-red blood cell destruction prevents oxygen from being delivered to tissues

-white blood cell function is impaired without adequate glucose transport

-neuropathies prevent individuals from sensing breaks in the skin

Front 134

Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome is mainly a problem in:

Back 134

type II diabetics

Front 135

Kussmaul respirations would be a result of:

Back 135

diabetic ketoacidosis

Front 136

What would be the effect of hyperglycemia in tissues that do not require insulin for glucose transport, such as red blood cells and the lens?

Back 136

a fluid shift into the cells causing cell rupture

Front 137

Macrovascular complications of diabetes are caused by:

Back 137

-hyperglycemia

-hyperlipidemia

-hypertension

Front 138

Exercise is an important factor in treating diabetes mellitus because:

Back 138

it helps muscle tissue use glucose

Front 139

Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus most oftern occur in the:

Back 139

retinas of the eye and kidneys

Front 140

Metabolic syndrome includes which of the following?

Back 140

-insulin resistance

-obesity

-high triglyceride and low HDL levels

-hypertension