Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Antibody
|
Immunoglobulin protein family. tags antigen for destruction.
|
|
|
IgE
|
Spaces & cavities. allergic responses
|
|
|
IgA
|
GI tract, acts locally, also in milk.
|
|
|
IgD
|
Unclear
|
|
|
IgG
|
most abundant. specific immunity in extracellular fluid
|
|
|
What are the 3 regions of an antibody?
|
Constant Region: lower half
Variable Region: antigen binding site, upper part Hypervariable region: fits shape of antigen |
|
|
What part of the antibody binds with the antigen?
|
Variable Region
|
|
|
T-Cell Receptors
|
On the T-cell in plasma.
|
|
|
What are the genetic markers of self?
|
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
|
|
|
Class I MHC
|
All body cells except RBC
|
|
|
Class II MHC
|
WBC & Peripheral nerve cells. Antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells
|
|
|
3 ways Antibody works
|
Opsonization, binds and inactivates toixin, bind to virus to prevent entry.
|
|
|
Natural Killer cells
|
Secret toxic chemicals (virus infected & cancerous),
|
|
|
Perforins
|
polymerize in cell membrane, form channels through membrane. Osmotic death.
|
|
|
How do T cells cause death?
|
Perforins & ganzymes.
|
|
|
Granzymes
|
activates caspases, apoptosis.
|
|
|
What causes T & B cell death?
|
FAS receptor increases in infection. >few days, FAS ligand produced. Bind together & cause apoptosis.
|
|
|
AI disease: Multiple Sclerosis
|
Mylenin attacked
|
|
|
AI disease: Myasthenia gravis
|
acteylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles attacked
|
|
|
AI disease: Rheumatoid arthritis
|
joints attacked
|
|
|
AI disease: Type 1 diabetes mellitus
|
insulin-producing cells destroyed
|
|
|
What antibody causes Immediate hypersensitivity in animals?
|
IgE attaches to mast cells
|
|
|
What do mast cells do?
|
Release histamine
|
|
|
What occurs physiologically when histamine is secreted?
|
Mucous secretion, increased blood flow, swelling of epithelial lining, contraction of smooth muscle in airway.
|
|
|
What fatty acid cannot be synthesized by animal cells?
|
Linoleic acid precursor to arachidonic acid
|
|
|
What are Vitamins?
|
Organic, coenzymes
|
|
|
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
|
A, D, E, K
|
|
|
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
|
C, D, ?
|
|
|
What is the role of enzymes in digestion?
|
Hydrolyze bonds.
|
|
|
Simple vertebrates use this form of digestion & what are the limits?
|
Intracellular digestion (inside the cell), small pieces phagocytosed at one time, cannot store food.
|
|
|
Extracellular digestion
|
Cavity, interior of cells protected from hydorlytic enzymes.
|
|
|
What is the shape of teeth in carnivores?
|
jagged molars, sharp canines and incisors
|
|
|
What is the shape of teeth in herbivores?
|
Large, flat molars. well-developed jaws. Little or no incisors or canines.
|
|
|
What enzyme starts digestion in the mouth and of what nutrient?
|
Salivary amylase begins digesting polysaccharides (starch/carbohyrdates)
|
|
|
Swallow
|
deglutition
|
|
|
how does swallowing continue down the esophagus?
|
Involuntary peristalsis
|
|
|
What is the name of the organ that stores and softens food in birds and invertebrates?
|
Crop
|
|
|
What is secreted into the stomach? What does it convert into? What does the converted enzyme digest?
|
Pepsinogen. pepsin. Protein.
|
|
|
What is not digested in the stomach?
|
Carbohydrates & lipids. Turned to chyme?
|
|
|
What part of the bird's stomach secretes acid & pepsiongen?
|
Proventriculus.
|
|
|
What is the connection between the small intestine and large intestine?
|
Cecum.
|
|
|
What are the four parts of a herbivore stomach?
|
Rumen, recticulum, omasum, abomasum.
|
|
|
Role of rumen & reticulum?
|
cellulose digesting mirobes
|
|
|
Role of omasium?
|
absorbs water & salts
|
|
|
role of abosmasum? what does it contain?
|
true stomach. contains acid & proteclytic enzymes
|
|
|
What is the role of the first quarter of the small intestine?
|
digestion & absorption of food and water
|
|
|
Order from small to large structures in small intestine.
|
Brush border, microvilli, villi. Mucosa is folded.
|
|
|
What does each villus have?
|
Capillary & lacteal.
|
|
|
What cannot be absorbed into the capillary of a villus?
|
Fatty acids
|
|
|
What is the role of lacteal (lymphatic vessels) in a villus?
|
allows for larger fat particles to enter.
|
|
|
What is the beginning part of the small intestine?
|
duodenum
|
|
|
What is secreted in the duodenum and by what organ?
|
Pancreas (pancreas), endopeptidase (?), chymotripsin (?), bile (liver).
|
|
|
Role of chymotripsin?
|
HCl from stomach converts it into tripsin (?)
|
|
|
What neutralizes HCl as in enters the duodenum?
|
Bicarbonate
|
|
|
Function of Bile?
|
bicarbonate ions & bile salts.
|
|
|
Where is bile stored?
|
gallbladder.
|
|
|
How are Carbohydrates digested throughout alimentary canal?
|
salivary amylase in mouth, pancreatic amylase in duodenum, across intestinal epithelium to blood.
|
|
|
How are Proteins digested throughout alimentary canal?
|
Pepsin in stomach, trypsin and chymotrypsin by pancreas, small intestine enzymes reduced to amino acids.
|
|
|
How are Fats digested throughout alimentary canal?
|
Pancreatic lipase, phospholipids and bile salts.
|
|
|
Role of phopholipids in fat digestion?
|
emulsify fats into small droplets
|
|
|
Where are bile salts formed?
|
In micelles of the pancreas.
|
|
|
What enzymes break down triglycerides into free fatty acids?
|
Lipase and Co-lipase.
|
|
|
What part of the nervous system regulates digestion?
|
Enteric Nervous system
|
|
|
What will bacteria do in alimentary canal? What does it cause?
|
Release toxins that kill good bacteria, prevent absorption of water. Causes loss of nutrients, electrolytes, and water
|
|
|
What can animal cells tolerate big changes in?
|
Sodium and calcium.
|
|
|
What electrolyte concentration must be highly regulated?
|
Potassium.
|
|
|
What happens if potassium is not regulated?
|
Grand mal seizure.
|
|
|
What is nitrogenous waste caused by?
|
degradation of protein and nucleic acid.
|
|
|
What are the forms of nitrogenous waste?
|
Ammonia, uric acid & urea.
|
|
|
What animals can excrete what type of nitrogenous waste as soon as it forms? & what is the advantage?
|
Fish. Ammonia. No energy required.
|
|
|
What is ammonia converted to to reduce the toxic conc.? What is more costly to produce?
|
urea & uric acid. uric acid.
|
|
|
What happens if urea accumulates?
|
gout.
|
|
|
What is the process of maintaining water in an organism?
|
osmolarity.
|
|
|
What is the problem associated with osmolarity in freshwater fish? How do they counteract this problem?
|
Gain water and loose salt from gills. Dilute urine, transport Na+ & Cl- from water to capillaries.
|
|
|
What is the problem associated with osmolarity in saltwater fish? How do they counteract this problem?
|
Gain salt and loose water from gills. produce little urine. Drink saltwater, active transport salt out of gills.
|
|
|
What does Gastrin do in stomach?
|
Causes the release of histamine.
|
|
|
What activates pepsinogen into pepsin?
|
HCl
|
|
|
What does endopeptidases & trypsin do?
|
Cuts organic long chains into short ones
|
|
|
What exopeptidases are in the small intestine?
|
creates aminopeptidase & carboxypeptidase
|
|
|
What are some inducible enzymes in the small intestine?
|
maltase, lactase...etc.
|
|
|
Process that makes fats water soluble
|
Emulsification
|
|
|
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine in order?
|
Duodenum, jejunum, illeum
|
|
|
Process of chewing up cud to mix the grass and water better.
|
Rumination
|
|
|
What two 2 animals have a foregut?
|
Ox, sheep
|
|
|
What two 2 animals have a hind gut?
|
birds, equine
|
|
|
What is the name of the ventriculus?
|
gizzard
|
|
|
What is the order of the GI tract in granivores (birds)?
|
Crop, proventriculus, ventriculus (gizzard), duodenum..., cecum.
|
|
|
What is the role of the cecum in birds?
|
Microbial fermentation of food
|
|
|
What is the name of the process at which a tube is inserted into a cows rumen at birth?
|
Fistulation
|
|
|
What part of the small intestine facilitates the absorption of monomers?
|
Brush border enzymes
|
|
|
What is the role of arachidonic acid in mammels?
|
intracellular process in brain & rebuilding muscle.
|
|
|
What's an example of a carnivore?
|
Cats, mink
|
|
|
What happens when a pathogen hits a memory cell & gets tagged?
|
causes memory cell to start differentiating and producing antibodies.
|
|
|
What type of virus/cell is used for immunization?
|
An attenuated (killed) virus is used.
|
|
|
What are the 2 mechanisms to prevent destroying self?
|
Clonal deletion & Clonal inactivation.
|
|
|
What is clonal deletion?
|
T cells in thymus prevented from destroying good cells by self apoptosis.
|
|
|
What is clonal inactivation?
|
T cells outside of thymus become unresponsive.
|
|
|
IgY
|
Found in birds. Birds & reptiles rely more on cell mediated immunity rather than in humans.
|
|
|
What is the role of T suppressor cells?
|
Inhibits B cells from making antibodies so fast
|
