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287 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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endocytosis
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ingestion of supramolecular particles
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primary endosymbiosis
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early eukaryotic organism established symbiotic relationship with mitochondiran like aerobic bacteria
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secondary endosymbiosis
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eukaryotic algae (aka euk. with aerobic bacteria) engulfed by other eukaryotes
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Great Dying
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- Permian Triassic (P-T) Boudary, about 250 mya
- slow, gradual die off with an enhanced catastrophic pulse right at boundary - 83% families went extinct |
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plate tectonics
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large scale movement of lithosphere
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phylogenetic tree
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shows evolutionary relationships among various species believed to have a common ancestor
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shared primitive characteristic
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- represents ancestral condition of certain characters (aka lack of organelles, nucleus etc). define groups with multiple ancestors and include some but not all descendent lineages
- protists, nonflowering plants |
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derived character state
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- character shared by 2+ taxa where its ancestors lack it (so originated in last common ancestor of the taxa that do)
- define define clades |
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homology
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any similarity between characteristics that is due to their shared ancestry
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analogy
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possession of similar characteristics caused by factors other than common genetic ancestry
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parsimony
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preference for the least complex explanation for an observation
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TAQ
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- thermostable DNA polymerase used in PCR
- relatively low replication fidelity - found from thermus aquaticus |
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PCR
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- polymerase chain reaction
- in vitro replication of short DNA sequences |
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Kary Mullis
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discovered PCR
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vertical transmission
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transfer of heredity from parent to offspring
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horizontal transmision
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transfer of genes from one organism to another without reproduction -- transformation, conjugation, transduction
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clade
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natural grouping of all the descendants derived from a single common ancestor
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transduction
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process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (phage)
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Panspermia hypothesis
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seeds of life exist elsewhere in the universe, and were transferred to Earth (by meteorite, etc)
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ribozyme
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RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction
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RuBisCo
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most prevalent enzyme in world, fixes C from atmosphere
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mixotrophic
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autotrophs that can become heterotrophic in the absence of light
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amitochondriates
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organisms that lack mitochondria
- either highly specialized parasites or - transitional, early branching Archaezoans |
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internal horizontal gene transfer
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movement of DNA within a cell aka from mitochondria to nucleus
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gameteophyte
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gamete bearing plant
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sporophyte
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spore bearing plant
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alternation of generations
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describes life cycle of plants, fungi, protists
- multicellular diploid phase and multicellular haploid phase - each phase has separate life form |
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cAMP
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=cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- used in intracellular signal transduction |
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coenocyte
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multinucleate cell (fungi and some protists)
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embryophyte
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land plants
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Miller and Urey
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- proved that organic matter could be formed from inorganic material + electricity
- simulated hypothetical conditions present on early Earth |
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Lynn Margulis
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theorized on the origin of eukaryotic organielles --> development of endosymbiotic theory
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Tom Cech
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disovered that some RNA have catalytic properties (ribozymes)
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Alfred Wegener
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formulated plate tectonics theory, continental drift
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Carl Woese
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defined Archeae, nomenclature with domains
- also RNA World hypothesis |
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Tom Brock
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discovered Thermus aquaticus at Yellowstone
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Haeckel
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promoted Darwins world; coined Protists, phylogeny, phylum; used branching Tree of Life concept
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Matt Groening
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American cartoonist, did the Simpson's tree of life
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Cindy van dover
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works with chemoautotrophs in deep sea vents
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WF doolittle
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worked with slime molds, dictyostelium discoideum
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cyanobacteria
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-blue green alga
- present on early Earth, changed atm composition by providing oxygen - endosymbiosis to make photosynthetic plants |
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Thermus aquaticus
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produces TAQ polymerase
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Giardia intestinalis
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-causes illness in people
-amitochondirate (internal HGT) -resistant cysts |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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- Chagas disease
-euglenoid -insect transmitted diseases |
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Pfiesteria piscida
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"cell from hell"
- toxin dinoflagellate kills fish, causes red tides - neurotoxins get into air |
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Laminaria
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-brown alga, kelp
- meiosis produces spores - mitosis produces gametes |
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Dictyostelium
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-cellular slime mold
-amoeba to slug to sporangium to spores -aggregtion through cAMP signalling |
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Caulerpa
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"killer alga"
-coenocyte -invasive, esp in the Mediterranean (eradicated from SoCal) |
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Charophyta
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division of green algae with no alternation of generations; zygote doesn't develop to embryo; some dimension to growth
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Chara
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representative genera of Charophytes
-transitional green -2N zygote undergoes meiosis -close relatives to land plants |
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Sphagnum
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-peat moss
-mined for fuel, gardening; holds tons of water -Bryophyte, nonvascular |
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microphylls
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-sterile sporangia
-form the first leaves -found in Lycophytes |
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Lignin
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-organic polymer that gives mechanical strength to cell wall/plant
-in vascular plants -indigetible by animals, though some fungi produce lignanases |
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Lycopodium
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-vascular, terrestrial
-sporophylls, homosporous spores -gameteophyte underground, symbiotic with fungi -microphylls -sporophyte dominance |
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Pterophytes
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=ferns, horsetail, whisk
-roots, megaphylls, alt of generations -flagellated sperm |
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protonema
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=juvenile gameteophyte
-when moss spores germinate the 1st phase of forming a gameteophyte is indicative of filamentous growth, the green algae |
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dominant gametophyte; zygote
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charophytes (chara)
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dominant gametophyte; dependent sporophyte
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Bryophyte
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dominant sporophyte; free living gameteophyte
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Lycophyte
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dominant sporophyte; dependent gametophyte
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Gymnosperm, Angiosperm
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where on the first vascular plants did photosynthesis most likely take place?
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stems
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what are 2 similarities between spores of a fern and seeds of an angiosperm?
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-unit of dispersal
-has dormant phase -hard outer coat |
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what are 2 differences between spores of a fern and seeds of an angiosperm?
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-ploidy (1N in ferns v. 2N in angio)
-unicellular in fern v multi in angio -generate gametophyte in fern v generate sporophyte in angio |
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adaptations for land plants in fertilization?
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-abiotic dispersal (water) to biotic (animals) or abiotic (wind)
-at first flagellated sperm need to sim or get splashed to the egg cell (lycophytes, pterophytes,bryophytes) -then gametophytes move from water dependence, although still need transport to the female |
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adaptations for obtaining water and nutrients as become land plants?
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move from sponge like plants without leaves or roots absorbing water directly from al tissues to plants with vascular tissue and leaves for a transport systm
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ploidy of a conifer seed
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2N-seed coat
1N-megagametophyte 2N-embryo |
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ploidy of an angiosperm seed
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2N-seed coat
2N-embryo 3N-endosperm |
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lichen
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-fungi, ascomycete plus an algae or cyanobacteria
-alga makes sugars -fungus provides protection or nutrients |
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similarity between conidia and ascospores?
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single celled, unit of dispersal, wind-dispersed, likely to be haploid
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difference between conidia and ascospores?
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ascospores are meiotic products and are long-lived
conidia are short lived, asexual products |
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Clade or Not:
Green algae Fungi Free sporing vascular plants Eudicots Ascomycetes+Basidiomycetes |
Green algae - no, defined by lack of plant traits
Fungi - yes, defined by cell walls made of chitin Free sporing vascular plants - no, defined by lack of seeds Eudicots-Yes, defined by triaperturate pollen Ascomycetes+Basidiomycetes-yes, defined by dikaryon phase and multicellularity |
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how do you define a biodiversity hot spot?
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count up the number of endemic species
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describe one concern with giving antibiotics to premature infants.
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natural gut flora play an important role in generating the immune response. Antibiotics can remove this flora, leaving infants more susceptible to new pathogens and toxins
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Why is PCR used instead of culturing bacteria on a dish?
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-some bacteria are not culturable in lab, so to uncover all cryptic diversity need to use PCR
-PCR is easier and faster than culturing |
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Which clades includes photosynthetic orgnaisms: Eubacteria, Fungi, Euglenozoa, Chlorophytes, Archaea, Dinoflagellates, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta
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Eubacteria, Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Dinoflagellates, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta
(Euglenozoa, dinoflagellates, Phaeophyta --> secondary endosymbiosis) |
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For photosynthetic marin spp like kelp, gigantic body size may have driven selection for novel morpholoigcal adaptations like...
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-sieve tubes: move nutrients from top to bottom
-air bladders: keep large mass afloat -meristem: replace old blades (present right below them) |
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Reasons why we know Charophytes are transitional between green algae and land plants?
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-DNA sequence data
-asymmetric flagella -parenchymatous tissue or dimensionality -apical growth at meristems -retain egg/zygote on gametophyte |
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tracheids
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elongated cells in the xylem, serve to transport H2O
in gymno and angio sperms |
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mycorrhizae
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-symbiotic associatoin between a fungus and plant roots
-fungus gets carbons, sugars produced by plant -plant improves nutrient and water absorption |
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meristem
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undifferentiated cells in plants; found in growth zones
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vascular cambium
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source of secondary xylem and ploem
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cork cambium
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secondary growth that replaces epidermis
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modular growth
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production of the same thing over time that look the same (leaves, flowers)
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what are adaptations that limit water loss?
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cuticle, trichomes, multiple epidermis, leaf reduction, succulence, deciduousness, needles
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vessel
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found in the xylem of angiosperms, conduct H2O. more efficient than tracheids
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Polypodium
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= fern
-rhizome = spreading stem -"foot like" appearance |
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Ephedra
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= Mormon tea
=gymnosperm, gnetophyte -used in medicine by indigenous -stimulant and decongestant qualities -produces alkaloid ephedrine |
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Pinus longaeva
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=gymnosperm
=bristlecone pine -long lived (6000+ years) -oldest tree in world |
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Taxus brevifolia
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=gymnosperm
=Pacific Yew -produces alkaloid used to treat cancer |
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4 Groups of Gymnosperm
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Gnetophytes
Cycads Ginkgo Confiers |
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homeobox genes
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regulate flower development
A-sepals, AB-petals, BC-stamen, C-carpel |
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Kinds of angiosperm
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Magnoliids, eudicots, monocots
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impact of the loss of cell wall?
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-enable larger cell size
-allows invagination of membrane to form cytoskeleton -allows endocytosis (and thus leads to endosymbiosis) |
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How do we know that Giardia was not "Archaezoan"?
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Had mitochondrian dna in nucleus (and Archaezoa hypothesis says that amitochondriates branched off before incorporation of mitochondria)
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How can you define a protist?
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eukaryote that is not a plant, an animal or a fungus (so defined by lack of traits)
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What is modern phylogenetic interpretation of Protista?
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nonmonophyletic, not a clade
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How has the fossil record been used to address the effects of such abiotic events on relative
species or family diversity through time? |
Fossil occurrence could be used to study the rise and fall of particular groups (families
usually) of organism, absence of fossil indicates that the group has disappeared, so the absence of data suggests extinction, and if this coincides with geological events (asteroid impact, atmospheric contamination due to volcanic activities, other data on climate change etc), this could be taken to as evidence of a mass extinction |
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what is the current theory about distribution of photosynthesis in prokaryotes?
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A single origin and then HGT of photosynthesis genes to explain current distribution of
photosynthesis |
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what is the current theory about distribution of photosynthesis in eukaryotes?
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A single origin (in the green & red clade) followed by subsequent engulfing events, hence
taking up photosynthetic cells, across the protistan lineages: Secondary endosymbiosis |
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How does water get to the top of a tree?
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-- starts with the root hairs, gets in the xylem cells; and through adhesion – cohesion tension,
the water molecules stick to the sides of the xylem cells, a continuous flow develops due to: --differential water pressure (higher in the soil; lower in the leaves) creates a gradient --water is pulled-up by solar-powered system and the pull is due to the loss of water through stomata |
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xylem
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work as conduits for water in trees; rings of tube-like cells arranged end-to-end w/ pits that allow side-to-side
movement |
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phloem
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move nutrients in trees
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You want to get rid of the poisonous mushrooms on your front yard before your dog eats them.
You pick them before the mushrooms fully develop, and throw them in the garbage. Why does picking mushrooms have virtually no effect on the fungus? |
Because the body or mycelium is underground
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Swamps of the carboniferous (importance?)
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fossil deposits fueled the industrial revolution (coal)
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Giant boid snake fossils
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giant body size suggests warmer tropical temps in the past, and now
a possibility in the future; issue for global change science and humans as tropics were thought to have been under temperature regulation |
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Magnoliids
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-weak differentiation of whorls; no fusion within or between whorls
-primitive leftovers -sticky and clumped pollen grains, one pore ex: magnolia |
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Eudicots
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-whorls are distinct
-parts in 4s and 5s -fusion bewteen whorls -2 cotelydons -3 aperture pollen |
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Monocots
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-herbaceous
-1 cotyledon -whorls distinct -parts in 3s and 6s -parallel venation |
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Magnolia grandiflora
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-magnoliid
-leathery leaves, evergreen -ornamental |
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musa x paradisiaca
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-monocot
-hybrid banana -infertile |
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arabidopsis thaliana
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dicot
model organism |
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adaptive radiation
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rapid diversification within a clade producing numerous species with a wide range of forms
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fungi
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-cell walls of chitin
-hyphae make up mycelia, filamentous growth -multicellular, coenocytic |
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plasmogamy
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fusion of cytoplasm but not nuclei (in fungi)
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karyogamy
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fusion of pro nuclei of 2 cells (in fungi)
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dikaryon
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2 unfused nuclei in same cell (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes)
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saprobes
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decomposing fugi, break down cellulose and lignin
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Candida
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fungi that causes yeast infections
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Chytridiomycota
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-swimming gametophyte and spores
-very small -cause of amphibian decline -can form mutualism in gut of grazers to break down cellulose |
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zygomycetes
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-coenocytes
-saprobes, parasites, carnivores -form zygote from hyphae yolking together ex: Pilobus=dung dweller Rhizopus=black bread mold |
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Ascomycetes
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-saprobes, parasites
-form lichen -shower and tub fungi, black truffles -dikaryon phase -mycotoxins -form ascocarp (cup) fruiting body -imperfect fungus=asexual phase -conidia: short lived asexual spores ex: penicillium |
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Basidiomycetes
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-ectomycorrhizae
-dikaryon phase -have gills, spores form in the gills ex: Ganoderma. heal all in asian medicine, has a double wall basidiospore |
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Bryophyta
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=liverworts, hornworts, mosses
-multicellular gametangia -dominant gametophyte, dependent sporophte -lack roots, leaves, stems -non monophyletic -motile flagellated sperm |
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Lycophyta
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-first vascular plants
-mostly homosporous; have microphylls -most have endohytic fungus in roots -dominant sporophyte, free living gametophyte |
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prothallus
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an immature, heart shaped fern gametophyte
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Cycad
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-look similar to ferns/palms but with taproot, woody
-pollination through wind or insects -unisexual -slow growing |
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Ginkgo
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=only one species
-fast growing -wind pollinated |
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Conifer
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-simple evergreen or needle like leaves
-fast growing EX: pinus longaeva, Taxus brevifolia |
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Gnetophyta
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-slow growing
-motile sperm absent -insect pollinated? ex: ephedra |
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angiosperms
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-dominant sporophyte, dependent gametophyte
-monophyletic -double fertilization: embryo+endosperm -indeterminant growth -deciduousness evolved here -tracheids + vessels |
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simple fruit
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single ovary in single flower
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multiple fruit
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multiple carpels from multiple flowers
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aggregate fruit
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multiple carpels from single flower
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number of cotyledons in magnoliids, monocots, dicots?
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magnoliids: 2
dictos: 2 monocots: 1 |
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Name two advantages to having flagella on the inside of adult Porifera
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Controls water flow and allows for development of exterior for protection
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Cell types in Porifera
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pore, epithelial, spicules, choanocytes, amoebocytes
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What major feature of the internal cavity is shared between Cnidaria and Turbellaria
(Acoela) when compared to Annelida |
digestive enzymes
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What major feature of the internal cavity is different between Cnidaria and
Turbellaria (Acoela) when compared to Annelida? |
coelem vs no coelem, blind gut vs flow-through gut, mesoderm vs no mesoderm
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Hard corals, members of the Anthozoa, exhibit both indeterminate and
determinate growth at the same time. How is this possible? |
Polyp growth is determinate, whole colony growth is indeterminate
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What was the subject of Darwin’s last book?
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worms
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What was the subject of Darwins’s first book?
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coral reefs
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traits shared by the mesohyll and mesoglea?
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collagen, non-living layer, non-cellular layer, support /"skeleton"
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Three phenomena on oceanic islands helped convince Darwin that history must have
played a role in generating biogeographic distributions. What are they? |
-Species on island resemble those on nearby mainland.
-islands have disproportionately higher number of endemic species - Islands have disproportionately less species than the mainland. |
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Describe briefly what happens when chunks from two species of sponges are put in a
blender and then allowed to settle at the bottom of a petri dish? |
ne fully functional, separate sponge individual of each species (i.e., two
individuals total) will form in the petri dish. |
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how many cell layers thick is the ectoderm of a sponge?
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1
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how many cell layers thick is the ectoderm of a coral polyp?
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2
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When this cnidarian reproduces asexually, it breaks its connection
to the newly formed structure, which is identical in every respect to the parent structure. |
sea anemonea
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When this cnidarian Class reproduces asexually, the newly formed
structures ALWAYS swim away. |
Scyphozoa
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When this cnidarian Class reproduces asexually, it can either form a polyp or a
medusa. |
Hydrozoa
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Apart from gas exchange, name three main problems that the arthropod “suit of armor”
posed for its bauplan |
-movement (so gets articulated skeleton/joints)
-limits growth (so molts) -can't sense (developed setae) |
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diploblastic
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Having a body made of two cellular layers only
ex: cnidaria, porifera |
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triploblastic
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Having a body made up of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
ex: platyhelminthes, annelida |
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What is the use of the tentacles of bivalves?
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not used in feeding, but are sensory structures to detect a predator or prey
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setae
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in annelids, stiff bristles present on the body, help with movement, mostly made of chitin
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Classes of Arthropoda
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-Trilobita
-Chelicerata -Myriopoda -Hexapoda -Crustacea |
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choanocyte
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collar cells, line interior of sponges; have flagella so move water
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choanoflagellates
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free living eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relatives to animals
-single apical flagella -unicellular and colonial -live in water |
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amoebocyte
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-mobile cell in sponges and echinoderms
-similar to white blood cells, may play a role in immunity |
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holopelagic life cycle
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entire life spent in water column
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mesoglea
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-inert, jelly like substance made of collagen
-in Cnidaria -allows movement, flexibility |
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mesohyl
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-gelatinous matrix in a sponge, resembles connective tissue and contains some amoeboid cells and spicules
-made of collagen, nonliving -difficult to move |
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mesoderm
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-found in creatures more complex than Cnidaria (Platyhelminthes on)
-allows coelom, circulatory, excretory system -found between endoderm and ectoderm |
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Ctenophora
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-use cilia for swimming
-don't have nematocysts -have nerve net -look somewhat like jellyfish |
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what is the first phylum to have a flow through gut?
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Annelida
(arthropoda also has) |
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what is the first phylum to have a coelem?
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Annelida
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what is the first phylum to have a mesoderm?
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Platyhelminthes
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what is the first feeding larva called, and what phyla is it in?
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trocophore, annelida
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which phyla have radial symmetry?
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porifera, cnidaria
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which phyla develops bilateral symmetry?
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platyhelminthes
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Which phyla has flame cells and what organ system are they part of?
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Platyhelmenthes, excretory system
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which Cnidaria groups form colonies?
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Anthozoa, Hydrozoa (scyphozoa is only single polyps)
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which Cnidaria group has division of labor?
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Hydrozoa
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Which Cnidaria group sheds gametes straight into the water column?
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Hydrozoa
(Anthozoa and Scyphozoa shed gametes into the gut first) |
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zooxanthella
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-live symbiotically with corals
-autotrophic: provide host with sugars -receive protection, shelter, nutrients from host coral -when these die, the corals "bleach" |
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coelem
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fluid filled cavity formed within the mesoderm
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Cubozoa
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-member of Scyphozoa
-sea wasp, box jellies -extremely poisonous -have eyes with lens and retina |
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Turbellaria
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free living Platyhelminthes
lack flame cells ex: Planaria |
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Cestoda
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=tapeworms
-parasitic Platyhelminthes ex: Taenia |
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Taenia
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-genus of group Cestoda of Platy
-infect livestock, humans -used as a weight loss technique |
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Trematoda
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=flukes
-parasitic, have bizarre life cycles |
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nephridia
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excretory organs
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parapodia
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paired unjointed legs
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polychaeta
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-group of Annelida with many setae per segment
-move with longitudinal muscles only -have trocophore larva ex: Polygordius |
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Oligochaeta
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-group of Annelida
-few setae per segment -no parapodia -move with radial and longitudinal muscles -eat rotting organic matter =earthworms |
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Hirudinida
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=group of Annelida
-leeches |
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synergy
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interaction of 2+ forces so effect is greater than sum of their individual effects
ex: cephalization-nerves, forward motion ex: larger size--circulatory system, flow through gut, efficient feeding |
|
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Which arthropoda classes have biramous legs?
|
Trilobita, Crustacea
|
|
|
closest phyla relative to annelida?
|
mollusca
|
|
|
closest phyla relative to nematoda?
|
arthropoda
|
|
|
how times have wings evolved in hexapods?
|
once
|
|
|
Aedes aegypti
|
-Hexapoda, Diptera
-yellow fever mosquito |
|
|
Pterygota
|
winged insects
|
|
|
how are wings formed?
|
extension of the chitinous exoskeleton
|
|
|
ametabolous
|
-no metamorphosis
-life cycle of some hexapoda |
|
|
hemimetabolous
|
-incomplete metamorphosis
-larva look like mini adults -gradual transformation |
|
|
homometabolous
|
-complete metamorphosis
-larva don't look like adults -live under different selective regimes |
|
|
Walter Reed
|
discovered cure for yellow fever
|
|
|
what characteristic makes eusociality more likely to develop in hymenoptera?
|
haplodiploid sexual reproduction
|
|
|
homeotic selector genes
|
genes that control homeotic mutations
|
|
|
homeotic mutant
|
-mutation that causes a reversion to a primitive stage (antenna turns into a leg)
-can occur in a single ontogeny |
|
|
classes of mollusca
|
bivalvia, gastropoda, cephelapoda, polyplacophora, monoplacophora, aplacophora
|
|
|
what are the shells of mollusks made of?
|
calcium carbonate
|
|
|
what are wings made of?
|
chitinous exoskeleton
|
|
|
what is a homeotic mutant?
|
a reversion to a primitive stage (aka an antenna develops into a leg instead). can happen in one generation
|
|
|
what genes control homeotic mutations?
|
homeotic selector genes
|
|
|
where in the human body could homeotic mutations occur?
|
spine
|
|
|
Why did cephalization not occur at the apex in Cephalopoda (aka they move opposite direction of their eyes)?
|
that part of the body used to be covered by shell
|
|
|
what do w and t stand for in the gastropod shell equation?
|
w= increase of size with each revolution
t=amount of overlap of each revolution |
|
|
what shape does a big w and big t yield?
|
limpet
|
|
|
what shape does a small w and small t yield?
|
high spire
|
|
|
why is the range of observed forms of gastropod shells smaller than that predicted by the computer model?
|
failed natural selection--> couldn't defeat predators, etc
|
|
|
Polyplacophora
|
=chitins
-class of Mollusca -shell is segmented, interior is not |
|
|
Monoplacophora
|
-segmented in interior and in shell
-thought to be extinct 60 mya but recently found -indicates relationship to annelida |
|
|
what trait is in Polyplacophora and monoplacophora that indicates Mollusca may be closely related to Annelida?
|
segmentation
both have trocophores |
|
|
Which phyla have segmentation?
|
arthropoda, annelida, mollusca
|
|
|
which phyla have trocophores?
|
annelida, mollusca
|
|
|
which phyla have a true coelom?
|
arthropoda, annelida, mollusca
|
|
|
what kind of cleavage do deuterostome embryos have?
|
radial/regulative
gives them adaptive potential, plasticity |
|
|
what kind of cleavage do protostome embryos have?
|
determinate/spiral
after cell fate is determined, cannot be changed |
|
|
EB Wilson
|
did the embryo/cleavage experiments for protostomes with limpets
|
|
|
Horstadius
|
did the embryo/cleavage experiments for deuterostomes with sea urchins
|
|
|
Saccoglossus
|
an example of an acorn worm
|
|
|
Hemichordata
|
=acorn worms
- very rare, approx 12 spp - filter feed, create current through their proboscis -move by pulling with their proboscis |
|
|
Classes of Echinodermata?
|
Holotheroidia
Crinoidea Ophiuroidae Asteroidea Echinoideae |
|
|
describe fossil echinoderms.
|
-undergo metamorphosis to adulthood, gaining radial symmetry
-look like a polyp -heavily armored -don't move, lack cephalization -use tentacles to feel |
|
|
what kind of symmetry is present in Echinodermata?
|
larva are bilateral, adults are radial
|
|
|
what class of echinoderm are sea lillies and feather stars?
|
crinoidea
|
|
|
what class of echinoderm has a hydrostatic skeleton from the coelom?
|
Asteroidea (starfish)
|
|
|
what produces the epidermis? the dermis?
|
the epidermis is from the ectoderm
the dermis is from the mesoderm |
|
|
what produces bone?
|
the mesoderm
|
|
|
Agnatha
|
-lampreys: attach to other fish and suck blood until they die
-hagfish: eat decaying fish, twist body into a knot to gain leverage; covered in slime -unpaired fins "jawless fishes" |
|
|
describe fossil Agnathans.
|
covered in bony plates on the outside of body; extremely heavy so live near the ocean floor.
ex: Cephalaspis |
|
|
Astrachiderms
|
-all extinct
-jawed fishes, had armor -recruited bone to teeth and skull |
|
|
Chondrichthyes
|
=rays and sharks
-vertebrae made of cartiledge -skin covered with bone plates --> heavy, use oil filled liver to float -also gain buoyancy from the asymmetry of the heterocercal tail |
|
|
why do sharks die if they stop swimming?
|
they need their heterocercal tail for lift, and if they stop moving they will sink
|
|
|
Osteichthys
|
="bony fishes"
- cartilage replacement bone in vertebrae - homocercal tail -swim bladder filled with gas to help with buoyancy -paired fins, moved to front |
|
|
which evolved first, the lungs or the swim bladder?
|
lungs
|
|
|
Coelocanth
|
only species of lungfish found in the ocean today
|
|
|
traits of fleshy finned fish?
|
-have lungs
-found in mostly freshwater environments -bones extend into the limbs -have joints |
|
|
adaptations in Amphibia
|
-reduction of notochord
-interlocking vertebrae (counteract gravity) -external ears/eardrums -head disconnected from vertebrate |
|
|
keratin
|
developed in amniotes
used in claws, feathers, skin... |
|
|
amniotic egg
|
gas permeable
|
|
|
describe the 6 mammalian adaptations
|
1. hair
2. endothermy 3. division of labor in teeth 4. interlocking teeth 5. jaw muscle elaboration 6. change sprawling posture |
|
|
neotony
|
truncation of ontogeny
|
|
|
terminal addition
|
extending ontogeny
|
|
|
what is the use of interlocking teeth?
|
more effective at grinding food
|
|
|
4 types of horizontal transfer.
|
conjugation, transformation, transduction, binary fission
|
|
|
transduction
|
bacterial DNA is moved through a phage
|
|
|
transformation
|
bacterial DNA is taken up from the environment
|
|
|
conjugation
|
"bacterial sex" with F plasmid
|
|
|
characteristics of prokaryotes
|
-unicellular or in chains
-cell wall present -genetic material-chromosomal, single, circular, no nuclear membrane, recombination unidirection -cytoplasm mostly unstructured |
|
|
characteristics of life
|
-membrane (polymerized fatty acid)
-self replicating (polymerized nucleic acid) -enzymes (polymerized amino acids) - |
|
|
central dogma of molecular biology
|
information flow in biological systems from DNA to RNA, RNA to protein, but not backwards
|
|
|
what is an example of a gene that migrated from the chloroplast to the nucleus?
|
RuBisCo
|
|
|
3 innovations in Eukarya.
|
sexuality, multicellularity, motility
|
|
|
heteromorphic
|
haplodiplontic
alternation of generations |
|
|
4 advantages to multicellularity
|
-partitions body into cells (persistence of life after gamete formation-->longer lived)
-larger size correlates to longer life span -specialized clls into tissues -would healing |
|
|
adaptations for the first land plants?
|
cuticle- prevent dehydration
stomata- regulate gas exchange fertile in wet season wind dispersed spores |
|
|
when was the first evidence of land plants?
|
480 mya
|
|
|
how can you tell Chara is transitional between land plants and chlorophyts?
|
asymmetric flagella
parenchymatous tissue retain egg on gameteophyte |
|
|
sporophyll
|
modified leaves bearing sporangia
|
|
|
vascular land plants evolved how long ago?
|
400 mya
|
|
|
when did the first evidence for photosynthesis appear?
|
2.5 bya evidence of photosynthesis in stromatolites
|
|
|
two major clades of vascular plants?
|
microphylls: lycophytes
megaphylls: ferns, conifers, angiosperms |
|
|
where are the sporangia in Pterophytes?
|
on leaves
|
|
|
what is the meaning of ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny?
|
way an organism develops shows its evolutionary history
|
|
|
oogamy in free-sporing vascular plants
|
motile sperm and stationary egg
|
|
|
siphonogamy
|
pollen lands on stigma, is moved down pollen tube, meets up with the egg and forms zygote
|
|
|
describe magnoliid pollen.
|
sticky and clumped pollen grains; 1 pore
|
|
|
how are gymnosperms pollinated?
|
wind
|
|
|
how are angiosperms pollinated?
|
wind, water, animals
|
|
|
mechanisms to promote cross fertilization?
|
-male and female plants
-self incompatibility -seasonal/maturation timeing -generalist |
|
|
bees pollination syndrome
|
blue and yellow
open flowers |
|
|
birds and butterflies
|
red and orange
tubular flowers |
|
|
bats and moths
|
white, tubular
open at night |
|
|
saprobe
|
decomposer, soil fungi
|
|
|
armillaria bulbosa
|
largest living organism
is a fungi |
|
|
saccharomyces cerevisiae
|
single celled yeast
fungi model organism |
|
|
zygomycota
|
hyphae yook together to form zygote
|
|
|
proterospongia
|
chaonoflagellate
|
|
|
imaginal disk
|
structure in caterpillar that forms wings, etc
|
|
|
parasitoid
|
lays its eggs in caterpillars
|
|
|
hyperparasitoid
|
lays its eggs in parasitoids in caterpillars
|
|
|
ciona
|
type of tunicate
|
|
|
branchiostoma
|
amphioxus and lancelets
Cephalochordata |
|
|
urochoradate
|
tunicate
|
|
|
chondrichthyes
|
sharks and rays
|
