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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Fission?
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Asexual reproduction where the parent splits into two individuals
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What is Budding?
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Asexual reproduction where new individuals arise through outgrowths on the parent
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What is Parthenogenesis?
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Asexual reproduction where an egg develops, much like in sexual reproduction, but the individual develops without fertilization.
Offspring are haploid but can be diploid too. |
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Does sexual reproduction increase the number of offspring over generations?
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Nope!
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Does sexual reproduction increase the number of offspring that survive over generations?
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Maybe, if the environment is unstable then sexual reproduction can recombine genes to create new adaptations to an environment, in a stable environment what worked before will still work.
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Where do sperm cells from?
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sperm cells are formed by meiosis in the testes or the male gonads.
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Where are the testes held?
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Inside the scrotum
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What happens to the sperm cells when they mature?
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They get transported to the epididymis
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What happens to the sperm cells during ejaculation?
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1st they travel through the vas deferns
2nd they pass near the seminal vesicle 3rd they go to the ejaculatory duct then to urethra |
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What percentage of semen do the sperm cells make up?
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10%
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How much volume of semen does the seminal vesicle contribute?
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60%
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What does the seminal vesicle contribute to semen?
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Thick yellow alkaline contains carbs prostaglandins and proteins needed to coagulate semen.
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How much does the prostrate gland contribute to semen?
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30%
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What does the prostate gland contribute to semen?
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think, milky, contains buffers, ions, carbs, and enzymes that at first make semen coagulate then later become thin and runny.
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How much of the volume of semen does the bulbourthreal gland contribute?
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<1% of the volume
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What does the bulboureathral gland contribute
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clear alkaline mucus.
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What does the bulbourethral gland do during sexual arousal?
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Secretes fluid to neutralize urine in the urethra
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What happens to the penis during sexual arousal?
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The penis becomes engorged with blood filling the spongy tissue that makes up the shaft (vascongestion)
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In embryotic development what is the glans?
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In males it is the head of the penis, in females its the hood of the clit
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What is a bacculum?
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Penis Bone
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Where are oocytes (eggs) formed?
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In the ovaries which are the female gonads
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What is ovulation
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When an egg cell, surrounded by some supporting cells (follicles) gets pushed out of the ovary
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Where does the egg go after ovulation?
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into the oviduct and eventually the uterus
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Why does fertilization occur in the oviduct?
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because the tube is so narrow sperm can actually find the egg
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What are the three layers of the uterus
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Endometrium, Myometrium and perimetrium
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What happens to the endometrium during pregnancy?
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This is lining of cells that the zygote burrows into
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What does the myometrium do?
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Its the smooth muscle that is responsible for cramps and pregnancy contractions.
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What special feature does the vagina have?
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Rugae, or the folded layers of tissue that help provide friction.
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What makes up the vulva
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Labia majora (laterally)
Labia minora (more medially |
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In what ways is the clitoris similar to the penis?
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glans, spongy erectile tissue, short shaft, covered by prepuce (glans)
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What is mucin?
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blinds sperm
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Vaginal walls and what else release lubricant?
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Greater vestibular glands on either side of the vaginal canal
-parauerthal glands -lesser vestibular glands |
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Bee spermatheca
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female bee can store sperm
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What does the hypothalmus produce?
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GnRH
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Where does GnRH go?
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to the anterior pituitary
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What does the anterior pituitary produce?
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FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (interstital cell stimulating hormone)
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Where does FSH go in males?
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To the sertoli cells
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Where does LH go in males?
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Leydig cells or interstitial cells
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What do the Sertoli cells produce?
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Androgen binding proteins that lead to spermatogenesis and inhibin which tells the anterior pituitary to stop
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What do the Leydig cells produce?
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Testosterone which also leads to spermatogenesis.
The testosterone has a negative feedback to the hypothalmus and the anterior pituitary |
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Sertoli
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Cells that form the walls of the semiferis tubules
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What controls the levels of testosterone?
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homostatsis, maintains fairly constant environment
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What stage are female egg cells stuck in?
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Prophase I
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What happens in the follicular phase?
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1. Rising levels of gnRH cause anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH and 2. FSH and LH cause follicle to grow and mature, including cells surrounding it
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What makes up the follicle?
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Primary oocyte and support cells
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What does FSH trigger in females?
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Meiosis
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What has a negative feedback to the hypothalamus in females
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the hypothalamus is inhibited by the combination of estradiol and progesterone
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What has a positive feedback in females with regards to hypothalamus?
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High levels of estradiol (during follicular phase)
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What has a negative feedback in females with the anterior pituitary?
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Low levels of estradiol
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What do LH and FSH do during the follicular phase?
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Encourage follicle to grow
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What triggers ovulation?
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Surge in LH
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What are the support cells remaining in the uterus called?
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Corpus Luteum.
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What happens when estrogen hits critical levels?
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It signals the anterior pituitary to release stored FSH and LH
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What is the first stage of the follicular phase?
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rising levels of GnRH cause ant. pit to release FSH and LH
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What is the second stage of the follicular phase?
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FSH and LH cause follicle to mature and grow
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What is the third stage of the follicular phase?
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maturing follicle starts to release estrogen
-estrogen inhibits the RELEASE of FSH and LH but stimulates their PRODUCTION |
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What is the fourth stage of the follicular phase?
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as the follicle grows, more and more estrogen enter blood stream
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What is the 5th stage of the follicular cycle?
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high estrogen levels trigger the ant pit to release FSh and LH
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What is the 6th stage of the follicular cycles?
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The increase in LH triggers ovulation
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What is the first part of the luteal phase
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the rupture follicle is now called the corpus luteum
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what is the second part of the luteal phase?
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corpus luteum takes over estrogen and progesterone production,
also produces inhibin (inhibin inhibits the production of FSH) |
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What is the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
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Mitosis, the wall of the endometrium begins to thicken, last from ovulation till next menstruation, increased vascularization, addition of progesterone receptors
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What is the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
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controlled by progesterone , endometrium thickens further, if no pregnancy then menses. Progesterone inhibits muscle contracts so when it wears off, cramps/
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What is the phase of rapid cell division called?
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Clevage
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What happens on day three of conception?
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morula forms, its a ball of cells that will eventually hollow out
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What happens on day six after conception
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Hollow ball of cells called blastocyst
-inner cell mass -trophoblasts |
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What does the blastocyst produce?
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human chorionic gonadotropin.
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What does the hcg do?
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tells the corpus luteum to not disintegrate
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What happens on day 7 after conception?
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blastocyst implants on uterine wall
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What happens during day 7 - 12 after conception
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trophoblast dissolve away layers of endometrium
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When is this visible?
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week 5
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What will form the placenta?
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trophoblast cells, epiblast cells, and endometrial cells
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What will give rise to embryo?
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The epiblast
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What will give rise to the tissues that support the embryo?
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the hypoblast
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Chorion
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gas exchange
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Amnion
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cavity that contains amniotic fluid, will surround and cushion embryo
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Yolk sac
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More fluid (no yolk in mammals), site of early blood cell production
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Allantois
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becomes part of the umbilical cord and helped nourish embryo and fetus
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Day 13, what does the epiblast do now?
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gives rise to embryo, cells start to divide, migrate and specialize
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Gastrulation occurs around day 13, what happens?
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Primitive streak forms, epiblast starts to specialize, dorsal cells are future ectoderm,
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What happens as cells migrate into streak?
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cells pass to bottom and become endoderm, cells that break off into the middle become the mesoderm
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What makes up the Chorion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray26.png |
trophoblas + mesoderm
(gas exchange) |
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What makes up the yolk sac?
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Hypoblast and mesoderm
(More fluid site of early blood cell production) |
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What makes up the amnion?
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Mesoderm and ectoderm
(cavity contains amniotic fluid, will surround and cushion embryo) |
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What makes up the allantois
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Endoderm and mesoderm
(becomes a part of the umbilical cord helps nourish embryo/fetus) |
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What happens from day 14-21 after conception?
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Layers of embryonic disks begin to form other structures
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Organogensis
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week 3 through week 8
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What becomes the central nervous system?
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Neural tube
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What contributes to the spinal column?
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Notochord
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What contributes to vertebrae and ribs?
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somites
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What becomes the abdominal and thoracic cavities?
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COELOM
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What becomes the digestive tract?
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archenteron
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When are the head and bottom visible?
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week 4
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when are all major organs visible (not viable)
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week 8
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When is it called a fetus?
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week 8
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How long is the first trimester?
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first three months or 12 to 13 weeks
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how long is the second trimester?
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2nd three months
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When will the mother start feeling the baby move?
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2nd trimester
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What happens to the corpus luteum?
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placenta takes over estradiol and progesterone production, and the corpus luteum disintegrates
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Pulmonary circuit
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the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
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Systemic circuit
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Systemic circulation is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
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Arteries
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Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
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arteriole
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carries blood away from heart and take it to capillaries
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Capillaries
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Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels, easy for oxygen to diffuse across
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Venules
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venules are tiny veins carry blood toward heart
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veins
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toward heart
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heart
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provide pressure to push blood through the arteries, not as good for veins
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atria
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upper chamber of heart that receives blood
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ventricles
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chamber that contracts and makes blood go through arteries
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Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
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the right atrium
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Where does the deoxygenated blood get pumped to?
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the right ventricle which then pumps it through the pulmonary semilunar valve
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Where does the blood from the pulmonary semilunar valve go to?
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blood travels through arteries to lungs
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what happens to blood in the lungs?
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gas exchange occurs in the capillary beds of the lungs
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what happens after gas exchange in lungs?
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blood reurn to heart through pulmonary vein, enters heart at left atrium, passes through left artium venticular valve
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What happens in the left ventricle?
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the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve and into aorta
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aorta
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largest artery
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where does blood return to the heart?
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through the superior vena cava, then to the inferior vena cava and then enters right atrium
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how is the heartbeat coordinated?
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first atria contract then ventricles contract
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what is diastole?
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when heart is relaxed
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what is systole?
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heart contraction
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what is the first step of the heart beat?
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all chambers in disatole
-blood flows through atria to ventricles, entire heart starts to fill, now both atria and ventricle fill w/ blood |
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what is the second step in the human heartbeat?
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atrial systole.
-ventricles get topped off by atrial, -ventricles still is diastole swell with extra blood |
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what is the third step in the human heartbeat?
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ventrical systole
-av valves pushed shut (first heart beat) - pressure gets higher and blood gets pushed through arteries -systolic pressure so high it gets pushed out |
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when does the second heart sound occur?
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during diastole
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what makes the first heart sound?
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during ventricular systole as it contracts blood cant get into arteries as the AV valves close so blood hits off it
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what makes the second heart sound?
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the closing of the semilunar valaves.
as the ventricle expands a little blood is sucked back in, the semilun snaps shut and blood hits it |
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red blood cell in the pulmonary vein would flow into the ______ next
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left atrium
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what is the cardiac conduction system?
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cells create electric signal to tell the heart to contract + travel to tell it to beat together
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what are the pacemaker cells
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sit on right of specimen and tells atria to contract first, ventricles to contract second
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where are the pacemaker cells
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right atria of specimen
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How is the P wave created?
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electrical signals travel from SA node across atria
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what happens after p wave creation?
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electric signals travel from cell to cell down to the AV bundle then to apex at bottom of heart
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what happens after the electric signal reaches the bottom of the heart
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signal spreads throughout ventricles, blood gets squeezed form bottom to top, blood is pushed up
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is QRS and action potential?
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no
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when is the 1st heart sound in relation to QRS
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after
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when does the second heart sound occur in relation to the T wave
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after
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what are the three layers in the artery and veins?
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-connective tissue (tunica externa)
-smooth muscle (tunica media) endothelium (tunica intera) |
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how thick are capillary cell walls?
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one cell thick so gas exchange can occur
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what is the increase is blood pressure called?
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systolic pressure as heart contracts
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what is the blood pressure during ventricular disastole called?
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diastolic pressure
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what do the pressure do as blood moves away from the heart?
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decrease
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