Bio 240 : Chp 14

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Disease-causing microorganisms are called

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pathogens.

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Pathogenic microorganisms have

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special properties that allow them to invade the human body or produce toxins.

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When a microorganism overcomes the body’s defenses, a state of

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disease results.

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_________is the scientific study of disease.

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Pathology

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Pathology is concerned with

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the etiology (cause), pathogenesis (development), and effects of disease.

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_________ is the invasion and growth of pathogens in the body.

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Infection

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A host is an organism that

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shelters and supports the growth of pathogens.

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Disease is an

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abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or is incapable of performing normal functions.

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Animals, including humans, are usually

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germ-free in utero.

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microorganisms begin colonization in and on

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the surface of the body soon after birth

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Microorganisms that establish permanent colonies inside or on the body without producing disease

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make up the normal microbiota.

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Transient microbiota are

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microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear.

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____________can prevent pathogens from causing an infection; this phenomenon is known as ______________

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The normal microbiota ,microbial antagonism.

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Normal microbiota and the host exist in

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symbiosis (living together).

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the three types of symbiosis are

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commensalism (one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected), mutualism (both organisms benefit), and parasitism (one organism benefits, and one is harmed).

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commensalism

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(one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected),

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mutualism

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(both organisms benefit)

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parasitism

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(one organism benefits, and one is harmed).

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___________ do not cause disease under normalconditions but cause disease under special conditions.

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Opportunistic pathogens

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kochs postulates for etiology of infectious diseases

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- Koch’s postulates are criteria for establishing that specific microbescause specific diseases.

- Koch’s postulates have the following requirements:

(1) the samepathogen must be present in every case of the disease;

(2) the pathogen must be isolated in pure culture;

(3) the pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal; and

(4) the pathogen must be reisolated from the inoculated laboratory animal.

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Koch’s postulates are

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criteria for establishing that specific microbes cause specific diseases.

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Koch’s postulates have the following requirements:

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(1) the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease;

(2) the pathogen must be isolated in pure culture;

(3) the pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal; and

(4) the pathogen must be reisolated from the inoculated laboratory animal.

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exceptions to kochs postulates

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Koch’s postulates are modified to establish etiologies of diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria, which cannot be grown on artificial media.

- Some diseases, such as tetanus, have unequivocal signs and symptoms.

- Some diseases, such as pneumonia and nephritis, may be caused by a variety of microbes.

- Some pathogens, such as S. pyogenes, cause several different diseases.

- Certain pathogens, such as HIV, cause disease in humans only.

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Koch’s postulates are modified to establish etiologies of diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria, which

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cannot be grown on artificial media.

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Some diseases, such as tetanus, have

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unequivocal signs and symptoms.

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Some diseases, such as pneumonia and nephritis, may be caused by

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a variety of microbes.

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Some pathogens, such as S. pyogenes, cause

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several different diseases.

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Certain pathogens, such as HIV, cause disease

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in humans only.

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A patient may exhibit symptoms (subjective changes in body functions) and signs (measurable changes), which a physician uses to make a

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diagnosis (identification of the disease).

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A specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease is called a

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syndrome.

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Communicable diseases are transmitted

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directly or indirectly from one host to another.

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A contagious disease is a very communicable disease that is capable of

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spreading easily and rapidly from one person to another.

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Noncommunicable diseases are caused by

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microorganisms that normally grow outside the human body and are not transmitted from one host to another.

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Disease occurrence is reported by

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incidence (number of people contracting the disease) and prevalence (number of cases at a particular time).

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Diseases are classified by

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frequency of occurrence: sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.

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incidence

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(number of people contracting the disease)

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prevalence

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(number of cases at a particular time).

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The scope of a disease can be defined as

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acute, chronic, subacute, or latent.

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_______________is the presence of immunity to a disease in most of the population.

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herd immunity

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A local infection affects

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a small area of the body;

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a systemic infection

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is spread throughout the body via the circulatory system.

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A primary infection is

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an acute infection that causes the initial illness.

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A secondary infection

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can occur after the host is weakened from a primary infection.

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____________ does not cause any signs of disease in the host.

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An inapparent, or subclinical, infection

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ecoli genetically modified produces

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insulin

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A predisposing factor is one that

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makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease.

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Examples of a predisposing factor include

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gender, climate, age, fatigue, and inadequate nutrition.

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The incubation period is the

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interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of signs and symptoms

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The prodromal period is characterized by

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the appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms.

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During the period of illness, the disease is at its

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height, and all disease signs and symptoms are apparent.

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During the period of decline,

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the signs and symptoms subside.

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During the period of convalescence,

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the body returns to its prediseased state, and health is restored.

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A continual source of infection is called a

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reservoir of infection.

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People who have a disease or are carriers of pathogenic micro- organisms are

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human reservoirs of infection.

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Zoonoses are diseases that affect

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wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans.

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Some pathogenic microorganisms grow in

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nonliving reservoirs, such as soil and water.

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Transmission by direct contact involves

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close physical contact between the source of the disease and a susceptible host.

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Transmission by fomites (inanimate objects) constitutes

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indirect contact.

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Transmission via saliva or mucus in coughing or sneezing is called

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droplet transmission.

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Transmission by a medium such as water, food, or air is called

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vehicle transmission.

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Airborne transmission refers to

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pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance greater than 1 meter.

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Arthropod vectors carry

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pathogens from one host to another by both mechanical and biological transmission.

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) include

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those acquired in settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, surgical centers, and health care clinics.

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About _______ of patients acquire HAIs in the treatment environment.

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5–15%

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tac

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dna polymerase tht is used

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__________are often responsible for HAIswhen they are introduced into the body through such medicalprocedures as surgery and catheterization.

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certain normal microbiota

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________are the most frequent causes of HAIs.

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Opportunistic bacteria

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____________ are the most susceptible to HAIs.

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Patients with burns, surgical wounds, and suppressed immune systems

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HAIs are transmitted by

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direct contact between staff members and patients and between patients.

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Fomites such as catheters, syringes, and respiratory devices can

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transmit HAIs.

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____________ can prevent HAIs.

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Aseptic techniques

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Hospital infection control staff members are responsible for

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overseeing the proper cleaning, storage, and handling of equipment and supplies.

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New diseases and diseases with increasing incidences are called

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emerging infectious diseases (EIDs).

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EIDs can result from the use of

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antibiotics and pesticides, climatic changes, travel, the lack of vaccinations, and improved case reporting.

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The science of epidemiology is the study of

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the transmission, incidence, and frequency of disease.

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The CDC, NIH, and WHO are responsible for

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surveillance and responses to emerging infectious diseases.

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Modern epidemiology began in

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the mid-1800s with the works of Snow, Semmelweis, and Nightingale.

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In descriptive epidemiology, data about __________ are collected and analyzed.

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infected people

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In analytical epidemiology, a group of

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infected people is compared with an uninfected group.

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_____________, controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses are performed.

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In experimental epidemiology

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Case reporting provides data on

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incidence and prevalence to local, state, and national health officials.

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the main source of

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epidemiological information in the United States.

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The CDC publishes

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the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report to provide information on morbidity (incidence) and mortality (deaths).

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spongiform encephalitis

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- cruetzfeldt jakob disease, scraple of sheep and goats

- fatal familial insomnia

- kuru

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prusiner

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prions

- infectious proteins

- inherited and tranmissible by ingestion, transplant and surgical instruments

- spongiform encephalophathies

- PrPc, normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface of nerve cells

-PrPsc, scrapie protein, accumulate in brainc ells forming plaques

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- PrPc,

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normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface of nerve cells

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-PrPsc,

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scrapie protein, accumulate in brainc ells forming plaques

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prokaryote vs eukaryote transcription

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prokaryotes-

eukaryotes- have introns

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to test blood

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pcr or rflp

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pcr looking for rna virus

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add rna primer, reverse transcriptase, use dna polymerase, freeze,

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malaria

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malaria used as a model for parasite lifecycles,

- causitive agent = plasmodium (4 species that infect humans) (protozoan)

- no motility because vector (female anopheles mosquito) transmits it

- sporozoite come out of liver into red blood cells

- sits in liver cells but could come out

- repreoduce in red blood cell

- ring stage produce nuclei

- when 24 nuclei fragment cytoplasm

- merozoite

- gametocyte reproduce and make sporozoites

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definitive host

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host that harbors the adult form of the parasite

- sexually mature

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intermediate host

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hosts the immature stages of the parasite

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_______ is the definitive host of plasmodium

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mosquito

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____ is the intermediate host of plasmodium

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humans

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results in the selective amplification of a specific region of a DNA molecule & so can also be used to generate a DNA fragment for cloning.

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polymerase chain reaction

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is production of DNA fragments of different lengths by cutting with restriction enzymes.

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restriction fragment length polymorphism

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malaria symptoms

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fever and chills every 48 hours because mosquito feeding time , lysis occurs

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dog tapeworm

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- head (pcolex)

- each segment has ovaries and testis

- ends are fertilized eggs

- eggs hatch into a larva

- larva encysts in muscle

- acidity denatures tapeworm

- deinitive host is a flea

- intermediate host is human or dog

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humans are definitive host for

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beef tapeworm

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physical methods of control

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- temperature - high temp or steam under pressure

- filtration

- hepa - removes microbes >.3micrometers

- membrane filtration - removes microbes >.22 micrometers

- high pressure

- dissection (drying)

- osmotic pressure (introduce salts and sugars, water leaves microbe and dries out)

- radiation (nonionizing, ionizing, microwave)

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chemical methods of control

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