Bio 232 @ Oit - Lecture Mid Term Study

Front 1

The rhombencephalon gives rise to:

Back 1

The metencephalon, which in turn develops into the brain stem: pons, and cerebellum, and the myelencephalon, which develops into the brain stem: medulla oblongata (p432)

Front 2

The adult cerebrum originates from the:

Back 2

Telencephalon, which in turn originates from the proscencephalon (forebrain) (p432)

Front 3

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the subarachnoid space through the:

Back 3

Lateral and median apertures of the fourth ventricle. (p465)

Front 4

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

Back 4

Cardiovascular center (adjusts rate and force of hear contractions), vasomotor center (changes blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure), respiratory centers (control the rate and depth of breathing, work with pons to maintain respiratory rhythm), also regulates vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing and sneezing through other centers. (p451)

Front 5

The prevention of over-inflating the lung is a function of the:

Back 5

The pneumotaxic center of the pons controls inspiration depth. (P3, brain notes handout.)

Front 6

The thalamus and hypothalamus are associated with the:

Back 6

4
Endocrine function (neurosecretory cells e.g., ADH and Oxytocin secreted from
the posterior pituitary gland, which is influenced by the actions of the
hypothalamus. Diencephalon
An area deep between the brainstem and the cerebrum and consists of three paired
structures: the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
Thalamus – oval mass of gray matter, functions as a relay station for all sensory
information coming into the brain, except olfaction.
Hypothalamus – positioned below the thalamus, control the basic functions that
regulate autonomic activities of the visceral organs.
Cardiovascular regulation – heart rate and blood pressure.
Body temperature regulation.
Regulation of food and water intake.
Regulation of sleep/wake cycles.
Regulation of sex drive.
Center of primitive sensations; anger, fear, pain, and pleasure. (P4, brain notes)

Front 7

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Back 7

The Cerebellum
The cerebellum is located inferior to the occipital lobe and dorsal to the pons and
medulla.
It is separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the transverse cerebral fissure.
Represented by two cerebellar hemispheres connected by the vermis. The surface
contains numerous convolutions (folia), and has a thin outer cortex of gray matter and
internal white matter.
Regulates posture and balance.
Coordinates skeletal muscle movement producing a smooth action (throwing a baseball
or ballroom dancing).
Constantly receives sensory input from proprioceptors in muscles, joints, and tendons
(inferior cerebellar peduncles).
Relays this information (superior cerebellar peduncles) to higher brain centers where
adjustments can be made to modify, inhibit, or generate new motor responses
(catching a ball). (P3, cerebellum)

Front 8

Describe the cerebral cortex:

Back 8

Gross Anatomy:
Right and left cerebral hemisphere
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Corpus callosum
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Precentral gryus
Postcentral gryus
Sulci (invaginations)
Gyri (convolutions)
5 distinct lobes – frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and the insula

In cross-section the cerebral cortex is located externally on the brain, approximately 2-4 mm
thick. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter unmyelinated axons, specifically
interneurons which are only found in the CNS. The cortex represents the site of integration
(the decision making).
Recall that the nervous system carries out three basic functions: sensory, integration, and
motor response.
The deeper and predominate white matter is composed of myelinated axons; these axons are
bundled into large nerve tracts:
Commissural fibers – connecting corresponding areas between right and left
hemisphere (corpus callosum).
Association fibers – connect different regions of gray matter within same hemisphere.
Projection fibers – represent ascending and descending (sensory & motor) neurons.

Front 9

Trauma to the frontal lobe may result in:

Back 9

Frontal lobe:
Personality, memory, judgment, emotions,
reasoning, and planning.
Primary motor cortex governs all voluntary
skeletal muscle movement is located within the
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
Specific regions of the precentral gyrus govern
muscle movement (homunculus).
Premotor cortex controls learned muscle skills of a
repetitious nature.
The motor speech area directs the muscles of the
tongue, lips, and the shape of the oral cavity, and
larynx for the articulation of word formation (the
pronunciation of speech).
Only present in the left cerebral hemisphere, also
known as Broca’s area.

Front 10

Word choice and the application of grammar is a function of the:

Back 10

Temporal Lobe:
Primary auditory cortex - receives sensory neurons from the cochlea of the ear
(hearing).
Auditory association area – evaluation of sound and memory of sound (speech
comprehension and word recognition).
Wernickes Area
o Generally left hemisphere, overlapping temporal and parietal lobes.
o Responsible for the recognition of the spoken and written word.
o Verbal articulation – Formulates phrases (word choice) according to the learned
rules of grammar, transmits this information to Broca’s Area.

Front 11

The inhibition of antagonistic muscle groups is accomplished by the:

Back 11

Basal Nuclei:
Clusters of paired gray matter located deep
within the cerebrum.
Caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus
(putamen & globus pallidus).
Influences the activities of the premotor and
primary motor cortex; the start, stop such as
sitting up or walking and regulates the intensity of voluntary movements.
Inhibits the relevant antagonistic muscles
through the assistance of the substantia nigra of the midbrain which secretes the inhibitory neurotransmitter dopamine.

Front 12

The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the:

Back 12

Terminates caudally as the conus medullaris, while the filum terminale
represented by the pia mater continues through the sacral canal and anchors the
spinal cord to the coccyx.

Front 13

Which menigeal layer forms the filium terminale?

Back 13

Represented by the pia mater

Front 14

Cell bodies of visceral motor neurons are located within the:

Back 14

The cell bodies of outgoing motor neurons are located in the lateral and ventral (anterior) horns.

Front 15

The spinothalamic tract transmits what type of sensory stimuli?

Back 15

Ascending Pathway (Spinothalamic)
Three neurons: 1st
order, 2nd
order, and 3rd
order.
1st
order neuron relays sensory input from PNS to posterior horn. The cell body
of this neuron is located within the dorsal root ganglia.
The first synapse occurs within the posterior horn; the 2nd
order in the posterior
horn travels to the contralateral side and ascends toward thalamus within either
the anterior or lateral spinothalamic pathway. The cell body of 2nd
order neuron
is located within the posterior horn.
The second synapse occurs within the thalamus. A
3rd
order neuron in thalamus projects to the
postcentral gyrus. The cell body resides within the
thalamus.
Each pathway carries different sensory information,
each sensory neuron has a unique sensory receptor.
The spinothalamic pathway carries information for
pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, tickle, and
itch.
These receptors are located within the skin and are
known as cutaneous receptors.

Front 16

3rd order neurons of the spinothalamic tract terminate within the:

Back 16

A 3rd order neuron in thalamus projects to the postcentral gyrus. The cell body resides within the
thalamus.

Front 17

Upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract cross-over within the:

Back 17

Within the medulla oblongata, 75% of upper motor neurons cross-over (decussate) within the pyramids. The axons of these neurons continue down the
spinal cord in the lateral corticospinal tract.
The remaining 25% continue down the spinal cord within the anterior corticospinal tract and cross at the level of innervation.

Front 18

The nerve plexuses are formed by the:

Back 18

The spinal nerves of the ventral rami with the exception to those within the thoracic
region (T2-T12) will intertwine forming a web-like structure called a plexus.

Front 19

Which anatomical region of the body is not served by a nerve plexus?

Back 19

The thoracic region

Front 20

Which five spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

Back 20

Axillary, musculocutaneous, median, radial, and ulnar nerves

Front 21

Define the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Back 21

The PNS includes all neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord.

Front 22

Sensory neurons associated with joints and tendons are called:

Back 22

Proprioceptors located in muscle tissue, joints, tendons and ligaments, are
designed to detect changes in limb position.

Front 23

Sensory receptors located within the walls of viscera are called:

Back 23

Interoceptors located within the walls of viscera and blood vessels (pain,
pressure, stretch, and chemical).

Front 24

All spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen except:

Back 24

The exception is the Vagus (X) which innervates the
viscera of the chest and abdomen.

Front 25

Interoceptors located within the walls of viscera and blood vessels respond to:

Back 25

(pain, pressure, stretch, and chemical).

Front 26

This nerve of the lumbar plexus will innervate muscles of the anterior thigh (quads).

Back 26

Femoral nerve

Front 27

The dendritic end of sensory receptors are designed to respond to specific stimuli and generate:

Back 27

Simple receptors are the dendritic ends of sensory neurons. Respond to tactile
sensations (touch, pressure, or vibration), pain, and temperature.
 Unencapsulated dendritic nerve ending or naked nerve endings are
simply exposed dendrites (pain or temperature).
 Encapsulated dentritic nerve endings are enclosed in a connective tissue
capsule. Typically all mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure, vibration) are
of this type.

Front 28

This type of sensory receptor responds to physical deformation.

Back 28

Mechanoreceptors – respond to deformation of surrounding tissue (touch,
pressure, stretch).

Front 29

Unencapsulated or naked nerve endings respond to this type of stimulus.

Back 29

pain or temperature

Front 30

Those cranial nerves which innervate the extrinsic eye muscles pass through the:

Back 30

Optic canal

Front 31

The cell body of somatic motor neurons are located within the:

Back 31

- A single somatic motor neuron innervates:
-- skeletal muscle tissue
- Two motor neurons are required for ANS
- the 1st motor neuron or preganglionic neuron is:
-- Myelinated
-- Cell body is located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.
- The 2nd motor neuron or postganglionic nerons is:
-- Unmyelinated
-- The cell located within an autonomic ganglion

Front 32

Pre and postganglionic neurons will synapse within:

Back 32

Pathway of Preganglionic Neurons
- Once the preganglionic neuron reaches the sympathetic chain ganglion, it has three options:
- It can synapse with a postganglionic neuron within the chain ganglion
- Will ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk and synapse in another chain ganglion
- Can pass through the chain ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk as a splanchnic nerve which synapse within the prevertebral ganglia

Front 33

The myelination of motor neurons of the ANS occurs with:

Back 33

White rami

Front 34

What is the function of the sympathetic branch of the ANS?

Back 34

- The sympathetic division turns on during the 4e's:
-- Exercise
-- Excitement
-- Emergencies
-- Emotions
- will increase the activities of essential organs: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and liver secretions
- Decreases the activity of non-essential organs: renal system, digestive system

Front 35

Postganglionic neurons that innervate structures within the thorax, synapse:

Back 35

within the sympathetic chain ganglia

Front 36

What are the three options preganglionic neurons have when they enter the sympathetic chain
ganglia?

Back 36

Pathway of Preganglionic Neurons
- Once the preganglionic neuron reaches the sympathetic chain ganglion, it has three options:
- It can synapse with a postganglionic neuron within the chain ganglion
- Will ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk and synapse in another chain ganglion
- Can pass through the chain ganglion and emerge from the sympathetic trunk as a splanchnic nerve which synapse within the prevertebral ganglia

Front 37

Which neural structures (or nerves) represent the parasympathetic branch of the ANS?

Back 37

- Located in the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord represented by:
-- Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
-- Pelvic splanchnic nerves S2, S3, and S4
- A long preganglionic neuron and a short postganglionic neuron
- the cell bodies of the 1st motor neurons are located within the brian stem or the lateral horn of the lumbar enlargement
- Terminal ganglia near or within the target organ

Front 38

The pre and postganglionic motor neurons of the parasympathetic branch will synapse:

Back 38

Terminal ganglia near or within the target organ

Front 39

Those neurons which release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) are called:

Back 39

- Neurons which release acetylcholine (Ach) are called cholinergic neurons
- Cholinergic receptors are:
-- Nicotinic receptors excite
--- Located on the membranes of postganglionic neurons
-- Muscarinic receptors excite and inhibit
--- Located on membranes of target tissue

Front 40

What are Adrenergic receptors?

Back 40

- Neurons which release epinephrine or norepinephrine are called adrenergic neurons
- Adrenergic receptors are located on the target tissue
- Two types are Alpha and Beta
-- Alpha are excitatory:
--- Cause vasoconstriction
--- Contraction of the intestinal and urinary sphincters
-- Beta's are either
--- Excitatory (Beta1) increases heart rate and strength of contraction
--- Inhibitory (Beta2) bronchiole dilation, dilation of coronary arteries

Front 41

Developmentally, the cerebral hemispheres originate from which secondary neural swelling?
A) Mesencephalon
B) Telencephalon
C) Myelencephalon
D) Rhombencephalon

Back 41

B) Telencephalon

Front 42

The reflex center for coughing, swallowing, and vomiting are located within the:
A) Superior colliculi
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Lentiform nucleus
D) Cerebellum

Back 42

B) Medulla oblongata

Front 43

The cerebral peduncles which contain ascending and descending nerve tracts are part of the:
A) Diencephalon
B) Basal nuclei
C) Midbrain
D) Medulla oblongata

Back 43

C) Midbrain

Front 44

The coordination of skilled motor function is accomplished by the:
A) Postcentral gyrus
B) Corpora quadregemina
C) Cerebellum
D) Cerebral pedundcles

Back 44

C) Cerebellum

Front 45

The control of numerous visceral functions is controlled by the:
A) Hypothalamus
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Pineal gland
D) Premotor area

Back 45

A) Hypothalamus

Front 46

Communication between right and left cerebral hemisphere is accomplished by:
A) Gray commissure
B) Corpus callosum
C) Basal nucleu
D) Middle cerebellar peduncles

Back 46

B) Corpus callosum

Front 47

A person's personality, and ability to reason or plan is located within the:
A) Parietal lobe
B) Frontal lobe
C) Temporal lobe
D) Hypothalamus

Back 47

B) Frontal lobe

Front 48

Stimulating the cerebral cortex of the precentral gyrus will result in:
A) The acceleration of heart rate
B) An increased glandular secretion
C) The initiation of voluntary skeletal muscle contraction
D) The sensation of external temperature (hot or cold)

Back 48

C) The initiation of voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

Front 49

Verbal articulation and the recognition of the written and spoken word are functions of:
A) Broca's area
B) Temporal lobe
C) Precentral gyrus
D) Substantia nigra

Back 49

B) Temporal lobe

Front 50

The thalamus is part of the:
A) Diencephalon
B) Midbrain
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Rhombencephalon

Back 50

A) Diencephalon

Front 51

The islands of gray matter which assist in voluntary muscle movement are:
A) Pineal gland
B) Corpora quadrigemina
C) Basal nuclei
D) Thalamus

Back 51

C) Basal nuclei

Front 52

The hormones oxytocin and ADH are synthesized by:
A) Epithalamus
B) Posterior pituitary gland
C) Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
D) Substantia nigra

Back 52

C) Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus

Front 53

Which statement best describes the function of the thalamus?
A) Relay center for all incoming sensory information except olfaction
B) Responsible for smooth and graceful muscle movements
C) Initiation for motor speech
D) Termination site for all incoming motor neurons

Back 53

A) Relay center for all incoming sensory information except olfaction

Front 54

The separation between frontal and parietal lobe is the:
A) Longitudinal fissure
B) Lateral sulcus
C) Transverse cerebral fissure
D) Central sulcus

Back 54

D) Central sulcus

Front 55

The cerebrospinal fluid is manufactured by the:
A) Arachnoid villi
B) Choroid plexus
C) Ependymal cells
D) Septum pellucidum

Back 55

B) Choroid plexus

Front 56

The cerebral peduncles are associated with this part of the brain:
A) Corpora quadrigemina
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Midbrain
D) Pons

Back 56

D) Pons

Front 57

In addition to the cerebellum, this structre also assists in making muscle movement smooth by inhibiting antagonistic muscle groups (Stimulate biceps, inhibit triceps)
A) Vermis
B) Thalamus
C) Basal nuclei
D) Precentral gyrus

Back 57

C) Basal nuclei

Front 58

The stimulating of the cerebral cortex of the precentral gyrus results in:
A) Accelerated heart rate
B) An increase in glandular secretion
C) The sensation of pain
D) The initiation of voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

Back 58

D) The initiation of voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

Front 59

This region of the diencephalon is responsible for a variety of autonomic functions
A) Epithalamus
B) Thalamus
C) Hypothalamus
D) Subthalamus

Back 59

C) Hypothalamus

Front 60

Damage to a person's frontal lobe could result in:
A) Changes in personality, problem solving, or judgement
B) Complete loss of somatosensory function
C) The inability to recognize faces or objects
D) The loss of memory related to sounds

Back 60

A) Changes in personality, problem solving, or judgement

Front 61

Which of the following statements is false regarding the spinal cord?
A) Posterior continuation of the neural tube
B) Extends from the foramen magnum to the coccyx
C) Is surrounded by three connective tissue layers
D) 31 spinal nerves are associated with the cord

Back 61

B) Extends from the foramen magnum to the coccyx

Front 62

This meningeal layer adheres to the neural tissue of brain and spinal cord
A) Dura mater
B) Arachnoid mater
C) Pia mater
D) Ependymal layer

Back 62

C) Pia mater

Front 63

Afferent sensory neurons enter the spinal cord through the:
A) Anterior horn
B) Dorsal root
C) Lateral horn
D) Ventral root

Back 63

B) Dorsal root

Front 64

What type of neuron is located within the ventral horns?
A) Autonomic motor neuron
B) Multipolar interneuron
C) Afferent sensory neuron
D) Somatic motor neuron

Back 64

D) Somatic motor neuron

Front 65

Ascending and descending neural pathways are located within the:
A) Posterior horns of spinal cord
B) Gray matter of the spinal cord
C) Cerebral cortex
D) The outer white matter of spinal cord

Back 65

B) Gray matter of the spinal cord

Front 66

This neural pathway carries sensory information for pain.
A) Corticospinal
B) Spinothalamic
C) Cerebrospinal
D) Cerebovesalius

Back 66

B) Spinothalamic

Front 67

How many motor neurons are found in the corticospinal pathway?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

Back 67

B) Two

Front 68

The cell body for the first order neuron in an ascending sensory pathway is located in:
A) Anterior column
B) Anterior horn
C) Dorsal root ganglia
D) Gray commissure

Back 68

C) Dorsal root ganglia

Front 69

The decussation (crossover) of motor neurons occurs:
A) within the medullary pyramids
B) Cerebral peduncles
C) Central canal
D) Posterior horn

Back 69

A) Within the medullary pyramids

Front 70

The crossing-over of sensory neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway occurs:
A) Immediately as this neuron enters the spinal cord
B) In the thalamus
C) Within specific nuclei of the brainstem (nucleus gracilis)
D) Does not occur, as this is a motor pathway

Back 70

C) Within specific nuclei of the brainstem (nucleus gracilis)

Front 71

Which statement is false regarding the organization of the nervous system?
A) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is represented by cranial and spinal nerves
B) The afferent division of the PNS is entirely sensory
C) The efferent division is divided into somatic and visceral systems
D) The somatic system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

Back 71

A) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is represented by cranial and spinal nerves

Front 72

Which statement is false regarding efferent motor neurons?
A) Innervate skeletal muscle
B) Cell bodies located within the dorsal root ganglion
C) May be divided into somatic and visceral motor neurons
D) Are classified as multipolar neurons

Back 72

B) Cell bodies located within the dorsal root ganglion

Front 73

Sensory receptors can be classified according to:
A) Anatomical location
B) Response to stimulus (temperature, touch)
C) Structural design
D) All of the above

Back 73

D) All of the above

Front 74

This type of sensory receptor is located within joints, tendons and ligaments.
A) Mechanoreceptors
B) Nociceptors
C) Proprioceptors
D) Tactile receptors

Back 74

C) Proprioceptors

Front 75

Sensory receptors located in organs and highly specialized are associated with the:
A) Visceral senses
B) Somatic senses
C) Special senses
D) General senses

Back 75

C) Special senses

Front 76

An intereceptor will respond to all of the following stimuli except:
A) Pain
B) Pressure
C) Touch
D) Chemical

Back 76

C) Touch

Front 77

Which statement is false regarding sensory receptors:
A) Are designed to respond to changes in their environment
B) The stimulus detected by a sensory receptor will generate an action potential
C) A sensory receptor must first generate a graded potential
D) Are associated with general and special senses

Back 77

B) The stimulus detected by a sensory receptor will generate an action potential

Front 78

Nociceptors respond to:
A) Vibration
B) Light touch
C) Pain
D) Temperature

Back 78

C) Pain

Front 79

The interpretation of a stimulus is called:
A) Perception
B) Sensation
C) Cognitive function
D) Integration

Back 79

A) Perception

Front 80

In terms of structure, the simple receptor of a sensory neuron is the:
A) Synaptic bulb
B) Axon terminal
C) Dendritic end
D) Axon hillock

Back 80

C) Dendritic end

Front 81

The perceptual level of neural integration occurs within the:
A) Ascending tract
B) Post-central gyrus
C) Sensory receptor
D) Thalamus

Back 81

B) Post-central gyrus

Front 82

The perineurium will surround:
A) Each individual axon
B) Individual nerve fasciles
C) The dendritic ends (encapsulated dentrites)
D) Multiple nerve fasciles

Back 82

B) Individual nerve fasciles

Front 83

Which cranial nerve enters both the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
A) Trigeminal (V)
B) Vagus (X)
C) Glossopharangeal (IX)
D) Facial (VII)

Back 83

B) Vagus (X)

Front 84

Which cranial nerve will exit through the hypoglossal canal?
A) V
B) IX
C) X
D) XII

Back 84

D) XII

Front 85

Which statement is false regarding cranial nerves?
A) The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are located on the ventral surface of the brain.
B) Each cranial nerve will pass through a fissure or foramen to innervate it's organ
C) All cranial nerves possess both sensory and motor neurons
D) The majority of cranial nerves are located along the brainstem

Back 85

C) All cranial nerves possess both sensory and motor neurons

Front 86

Which statement is false regarding efferent motor neurons?
A) Are located in both cranial and spinal nerves
B) Will innervate skeletal muscle
C) Cell bodies are located within the dorsal root ganglion
D) May be divided into somatic and visceral motor neurons
E) Are classified as multi-polar neurons

Back 86

C) Cell bodies are located within the dorsal root ganglion

Front 87

This type of sensory receptor will detect stretch
A) Mechanoreceptor
B) Thermoceptor
C) Nociceptor
D) Proprioceptor
E) Chemoreceptor

Back 87

A) Mechanoreceptor

Front 88

Efferent somatic motor neurons emerge from the spinal cord through the:
A) Dorsal root ganglion
B) Posterior ramus
C) Lateral horn
D) Ventral horn
E) Dorsal column

Back 88

D) Ventral horn

Front 89

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, how many are located within the cervical region?
A) 8
B) 12
C) 5
D) 3
E) 1

Back 89

A) 8

Front 90

Which of the following structures is not a plexus?
A) Cervical
B) Brachial
C) Thoracic
D) Lumbar
E) Sacral

Back 90

C) Thoracic

Front 91

The phrenic nerve which innervates the diaphragm originates from which plexus?
A) Cervical
B) Brachial
C) Thoracic
D) Lumbar
E) Sacral

Back 91

A) Cervical

Front 92

The sciatic nerve will innervate:
A) Gluteal muscles
B) Anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps)
C) Lower leg muscles (gostrcnemius)
D) Posterior thigh muscles (biceps femoris)
E) Lateral compartments (fibularis group)

Back 92

D) Posterior thigh muscles (biceps femoris)

Front 93

Which spinal nerves contribute towards the formation of the brachial plexus?
A) C1-C4
B) C5-T1
C) T2-L2
D) L2-L5
E) S3-Co

Back 93

B) C5-T1

Front 94

The tenth cranial nerve, the Vagus (X) exits the skull through the:
A) Foramen magnum
B) Jugular foramen
C) Interal auditory meatus
D) Foramen ovale
E) Superior orbital fissure

Back 94

B) Jugular foramen

Front 95

Which of the following statements is false with respect to reflexes?
A) Are protective by design
B) Are learned responses
C) Happen rapidly following a stimulus
D) Are involuntary responses
E) Are associated with the viscera

Back 95

B) Are learned responses

Front 96

Which of the following statement is false regarding a monosynaptic stretch reflex?
A) The sensory neuron synapses directly to a motor neuron
B) Afferent sensory neuron will synapse with contralateral motor neurons
C) The muscle spindle is the sensory receptor
D) An interneuron is required for this reflex
E) The synapse occurs within the spinal cord

Back 96

B) Afferent sensory neuron will synapse with contralateral motor neurons
AND
D) An interneuron is required for this reflex

Front 97

Which neural component is unique to the polysynaptic reflex arc?
A) Sensory neuron
B) Afferent sensory neuron
C) Interneuron
D) Efferent motor neuron
E) Effector (muscle or gland)

Back 97

C Interneuron

Front 98

The muscles of the upper and lower extremities are innervated from nerves originating from the:
A) Dorsal root ganglion
B) Ventral root
C) Ventral ramus
D) Dorsal ramus
E) Sympathetic chain ganglion

Back 98

C) Ventral ramus

Front 99

The spinal nerves of the sacral plexus exit through th:
A) Sacral foramina
B) Sacral hiatus
C) Superior sacral aperture
D) Intervertebral foramen
E) Transverse foramen

Back 99

A) Sacral foramina

Front 100

A polysynaptic reflex will:
A) Consists of at least three neurons
B) Possess an interneuron within the spinal cord
C) Can relay information towards the brain (withdraw reflex)
D) Only answer A is true
E) All statements are true

Back 100

E) All statements are true

Front 101

What are the respective functions of the dorsal and ventral rami?

Back 101

The dorsal ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. The ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

Front 102

What are the respective functions of the dorsal (posterior), ventral (anterior), and lateral horns of the spinal cord?

Back 102

Ventral (anterior) horn - contains some interneurons, but mostly cell bodies of somatic motor neurons.
Dorsal (posterior) horn - 1st order neurons for sensory input from the PNS; consists entirely of interneurons
Lateral horn - Cell bodies of outgoing motor neurons, only present in thoracic and superior lumbar sections

Front 103

What composes the mass of the dorsal root ganglions?

Back 103

The cell bodies of sensory neurons

Front 104

What composes the dorsal roots of the spinal cord.

Back 104

Formed from the fibers of peripheral sensory receptors. The cell bodies form an enlargement called the dorsal root ganglion.