Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the exposed seeds of gymnosperms are produced on |
sporophylls, in a strobilusm or cone |
|
|
seeds of gymnosperms are |
- female =cones - male = smaller pollen cones - both produced on sporophytes |
|
|
seeds of gymnosperms are produced on |
sporophytes |
|
|
a female gametophyte develops _____ and is nourished by |
within an ovary and is nourished by a nucellus, which is enclosed by a protective integument that will form the seed coat after fertilization |
|
|
what will form the seed coat after fertilizaiton |
protective integument that encloses the nucelles and ovary |
|
|
four phyla of living gymnosperms are recognized |
phylum pinophyta - conifers phylum ginkgophyta - ginkgo phylum cycadophyta- cycads phylum gnetophyta - netophytes ephedra, gnetum, welwitschia |
|
|
phylum pinophyta |
conifers |
|
|
phylum ginkgophyta |
gingko |
|
|
phylum cycadophyta |
cycads |
|
|
phylum gnetophyta |
netophytes ephedra, gnetum, welwitschia |
|
|
these are the most numerous conifers |
pines |
|
|
conifers needlelike leaves are arranged in |
clusters of two to five and have modification adapting them to harsh environments |
|
|
resin canals |
occur throughout the plant body and secrete resin that inhibits fungi and certain insect pests |
|
|
pine xylem lacks |
vessel members and fibers and is relatively soft |
|
|
pine phloem lacks |
companion cells bus has albuminous cells that apparently perform the same funciton |
|
|
pin roots |
always associated with mycorrhizal fungi, which are essential to normal plant development |
|
|
two kinds of spores are produced |
microspores and megaspores |
|
|
these are produced in papery pollen cones that develop in clusters towards the tips of lower branches |
microspores |
|
|
these develop in pairs toward the base of the pollen coe scales and give rise to four celled pollen grains that occur in huge numbers |
microsporangia |
|
|
these are formed in ovules at the bases of seed cone scales
|
megaspores |
|
|
the iteegument of the ovule has a pore called the |
micropyle |
|
|
one megaspore develops into a |
female gametophyte |
|
|
the mature female gametophyte contains |
archegonia |
|
|
before the archegonia mature |
pollen grains are caught in sticky pollination drops between the cone scales |
|
|
each pollen grain poduces |
a pollen tube that digests ts way down to the devoping archegonia and two of the original four cells in the pollen grain migrate into the tube as it grows |
|
|
the generative cell |
divides and produces a sterile cell and a spermtogenous cell that itself divides producing two sperms |
|
|
after pollination |
one sperm unites with the egg formin a zygote |
|
|
zygote develops into an |
embryo of a seed that has a membranous wing fromed from a layer of the cone scale |
|
|
some conifers produce seeds enclosed |
in fleshy or berry like coverings - evolutionary origin not cear |
|
|
_____ has small fan shaped leaves with evenly forking veins |
ginkgo |
|
|
life cycle is similar to that of cycads |
ginkgo |
|
|
edible seeds are enclosed in fleshy covering that has a rank odor at maturity |
ginkgo |
|
|
cycads superficially resemble |
palm trees with unbranched trunks and crowns of large, pinnately divided leaves |
|
|
typically the strobilus of a cycad is |
found in the center of the plant |
|
|
life cycles of cycads are similar to those of |
conifers, but the sperms of cycads include sperms with numerous flagella |
|
|
sperms of cycads |
include sperms with numerous flagella |
|
|
gnetophytes are |
only gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem |
|
|
gnetophyte |
ephedra, gnetum, wetwitschia |
|
|
half of gnetophytes are |
genus ephedra |
|
|
members have jointed stems and leaves reduced to scales |
genus ephedra of gnetophytes |
|
|
these have broad leaves and occur int he tropics, primarily as vines |
gnetum of gentophytes |
|
|
this is confines to southwest african desrts and its stem s in the form of a shlalow cup with straplike leaves that extend form the rim; basal meristems on the leaves constantly add to their length |
welwitschia of gnetophytes |
|
|
what makes welwitschia grow length wise |
basal meristems on the leaves |
|
|
the seeds and inner bark of pines are |
edible, an a tea has been made from the leaves |
|
|
eastern white pine stems were used as |
masts for sailing vessels and for crates, furnniture, flooring, paneling, and matchsticks |
|
|
western white pine is the source of |
most lumber today |
|
|
resin from pines consists of |
turpentine and rosin |
|
|
this is used as a solvent |
turpentine (resin form pines) |
|
|
this is used by musicans and basevall players |
rosin (resin form pines) |
|
|
dammar from kauri pines is used in |
colorless varnishes |
|
|
amber is |
fossilizd resin |
|
|
resin is used in |
floor waxes, printers ink, paper coatings, perfumes, and manufacture of menthol |
|
|
white spruce is the |
chief source of newspirnt - also used for basketry and canoe lashing by native americas, molasses or honey for trating scurby and in brewing beer |
|
|
spruce resin used |
chewing hum |
|
|
spruce wood used |
as soundboards for musical instruments nd in the construction of aircraft |
|
|
larch and juniper woods are sued for |
fence posts |
|
|
firs are used in |
construction of paper, ornament, and chrismas tree indsutres |
|
|
most desired timber tree in the world today |
douglas fir |
|
|
coastal redwoods |
great wood, resistant to fungi and insects |
|
|
bald cypress wood used for |
coffins and shingles, is resistant to decay |
|
|
woods resistant to fungi and insects |
coastal redwoods and bald cypress |
|
|
a dye and tannins are are obtained from the |
eastern hemlock - native american used parts of hemlocks for poultices and for food |
|
|
eastern white cedars wood was used for |
canoes |
|
|
atlantic cedar was used for |
construction of pipes for pipe organs |
|
|
yew wood is used for |
making bows and treatment of human ovarian cancer |
|
|
podocarps of new zealand |
have edible seeds |
|
|
incesnse cedar wood is |
used for cedar chests, cigar boxes, pencils and fence posts |
|
|
junier berries are used to |
flavor gin and used by native americans for food and a beverage |
|
|
ginkgo seeds |
edible |
|
|
ginkgo plant extracts used to |
improve blood circulation |
|
|
arrowroot starch obtained form a |
cycad |
|
|
mormon tea is brewed from |
leaves and stems of joint firs (ephedra) which were souce of drug ephedrine and a venereal disease treatment |
|
|
one gnetum species is cultivated in java for |
food |
|
|
what is a gymnosperm? how is it distinguished form other major groups of plants? |
Gymnosperms are a group of vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed by a ripened ovary (fruit) -The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, "naked seed") are borne in cones and are not visible. - organs bear pollen and seeds |
|
|
angiosperms |
fruit flower |
|
|
gymnosperm |
cone |
|
|
what is the differnce between a seed and a spore |
seeds larger than spores, seeds multicellular, spores unicellular, seeds are in angiosperm, spores are underneath leaves of nonflowering plants - spore may fuse during fertilization to become a seed -spore may divide by mitosis to produce new organism asexually |
|
|
how are leaves of pines different from those of broadleaf flowering plants |
pines have modified leaves called bracts that bare seeds at the ends, broad leaf flowering plants have leaves |
|
|
what is a resin canal and what is its funciton where are they found |
occur throughout the plant body and secrete resin that inhibits fungi and certain insect pests |
|
|
hwo do pines differ in their repredoucton form ground pines and ferns |
pines do not require moisture to reproduce |
|
|
how do pollen grains differ from spores or sperms |
pollen grain- microgametophytes, produce male gametes of seed plants spore- reproductive structure, that survives unfavorable conditions yet compared to seeds they have little avaiable food resources - pollen used by flowering plants to fertilize seeds, fertilized seeds grow into adult plants - spores are nonflowering plants that grow into gametophytes |
|
|
which conifers discussed in this chapter do not have woody seed cones |
ginkgo have edible fleshy seeds - podocarps and juniper berries |
|
|
leaves of pine, ginkgo, cycad, joint fir, welwitschia |
gingko has small fan shaped leaves with eevenly forking veins, cycads have large, pinnately divided leaves, joint fir long leaf, welwitschia straplike leaves that extend from the base |
|
|
what parts of a pine are considered edible |
The pines that produce seed the size of sunflower seed or larger are considered to be edible nut pines |
|
|
resin uses |
Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion of numerous plants, mainly coniferous trees. Resins are valued for their chemical properties and associated uses, such as the, adhesives, and food glazing agents; as a significant source of raw materials for organic synthesis; and as constituents of incense and perfume. |
|
|
phylum pinophyta |
conifers |
|
|
gymnosperms |
naked seed plants |
|
|
in gymnosperms seeds are formed exposed on |
sporophyll - modified leaf - these are arranged in spirals in a strobulis/cone |
|
|
in gymnosperms Female gametophyte contained within in |
an ovule |
|
|
most gymnosperms lack |
motile sperm - no water required |
|
|
Four major lineages of extant gymnosperms |
1. Phylum Pinophyta – The Conifers 2. Phylum Ginkgophyta – Ginkgo 3. Phylum Cycadophyta – The Cycads 4. Phylum Gnetophyta – The Gnetophytes |
|
|
Gymnosperms form a paraphyletic group, which means |
they share an ancestor with another monophyletic clade |
|
|
Spermatophyta |
angiosperm + gymnosperm |
|
|
Gymnosperm Characteris/cs |
Mostly woody sporophytes • No vessel elements for most (not all) • Male and female cones are produced • Female gametophyte contained withinan ovule, which forms the seed - Gametophyte reduced to evenfewer cells than the ferns |
|
|
monoecious |
having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite. |
|
|
dioecious |
distinct male and female organs |
|
|
confiers have |
550 species in 7 families |
|
|
these all produce woody stems, trees, and shrubs - m nd f cones - needle leaves, sunken stomata, thick cuticles - mostly monoecious, few dioecious - mostly evergreens, few decidious |
pinophyta - conifers |
|
|
Sequoia sempervirens; tallest is the Hyperion tree; 379.3 feet tall |
ya |
|
|
Pine Leaves Characteris/cs: |
1. Thick cuticle, sunken stomata 2. Endodermis 3. Resin canals develop in mesophyll • Resin is aromatic, antiseptic, antifreeze, insect deterrent |
|
|
• Considerable secondary growth – Most gymnosperm wood consists primarily of tracheids – No vessel members or fibers, thus soft wood – Mycorrhizal fungi associated with the roots of most conifers |
pinophyta conifers |
|
|
Male pollen cones are |
papery and ephemeral, usually produced in the spring |
|
|
Pollen Cones with Microsporangia • Cells in the microsporangia undergo meiosis, and the resulting microspores develop into pollen grains (microgametophytes) |
male - no antheridia present |
|
|
pollination of male cones |
Wind pollination • Pollen grains are themicrogametophytes! |
|
|
Ovulate cones are larger than pollen cones with woody cone scales (megasporophylls) • Ovules are produced in pairs found at the base of the cone scales • Each ovule contains a megasporangium with a nucellus (portion of ovule where embryo develops) |
female cones |
|
|
meiosis takes place in megasporangium, only one megaspore matures and it turns into female gametophyte, megasporphyte
|
megasporophyte is within megasporangium -integument develops into seed coat |
|
|
The microgametophyte enters the ovule through an opening called the |
micropyle - on ovule |
|
|
The pollen carries sperm to the megagametophyte (either via wind or pollinator) |
ya |
|
|
life cycle of conifer |
mature sporophyte contains both pollen cone and ovulate cone. pollen grain releases pollen grains containing microsporophytes and pollinates the megasporophyte in the ovulate cone. 1 month later meiosis occurs. fertilization occurs 15 months after pollination, embryo appears 18-20 months after pollination, dispersal of seeds 24 months after pollination, where a seedling then grows and grows into a mature sporophyte |
|
|
megasporocyte undergoes meiosis producing |
megaspores |
|
|
Single ovule surrounded by a fleshy aril (highly modified megasporophyll) • All other parts are highly toxic to herbivores, but these alkaloids can be usedas an effective anti-cancer medication (Taxol) |
taxus and podocarpus |
|
|
seed plants lack |
motile sperm - an adaptation to xerophytic environment dry - instead pollen (male gametophyte) carries male nuclei (sperm) to female structure |
|
|
gingko sperm and cycad sperm |
flagelleted sperm swim to pollen tube to meet egg cell |
|
|
gingko biloba |
1 species - living fossil - improves memory - deciduous and dioceous - fan like leaves |
|
|
cycadophyta |
- palm with compound leaves - circinate venation like ferns - tropical and dry forests - evergreen and dioceous - often toxic (contain potent neurotoxins) - pollination by beetles - sperm has over 10k spiral flagella |
|
|
gnetophyta |
1.gnetum 2.ephedra 3. welwitschia |
|
|
woody climbers, vine like; one species a tree native to asia - seeds used as snack in se asia - monoecious and dioecious |
gnetum of gnetophyta |
|
|
gnetophytes evolutionary adaptation |
vessels in the xylem |
|
|
shrubs with long branches and sclae leaves - dry areas sw na - treat asthma and allergies ephedrine, mormon tea -dietary supplement - dangerous to consume |
ephedra of gnetophyta |
|
|
large tap root - two wide strap shaped leaves that grow from base up to 2 m long - deserts of namibia in sw africa -dioecious |
welwitschia of gnetophyta - monotypic genus |
