Bio 220: Chapter 01-Spontaneous Generation And The Germ Theory Of Disease

Front 1

What are some characteristics of life?

Back 1

1. motility
2. growth
3. metabolism (consists of both anabolic and catabolic processes)
4. irritability
5. reproduction
6. molecular complexity
7. organization
8. adaptation
9. differentiation

Front 2

Define: irritability

Back 2

ability to respond to a stimulus

Front 3

Define: adaptation

Back 3

genetic potential of living organisms to survive to change in the environment

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Define: differentiation

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two biological model systems have been used to help study this process
a. process by which B lymphocytes (B cells) differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies
b. process by which a vegetative bacterial cell differentiates into a spore

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What are the two components of cell theory?

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first part was established in 1838-1839 by Schledien (botanist) and Schwann (zoologist). Even the most complex living organisms are composed of elelmentary parts that are repeated over and over again. These parts are called cells. The second part was added by Rudolf Virchow in 1858. This was the theory of biogenesis

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Biogenesis

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states that living cells arise from pre-existing living cells. A genetic continuity of life. Biogenesis set aside the notion that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter. This controversy between spontaneous generation and biogenesis had gone on for hundred of years

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Robert Hooke

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(1665) used the word to describe the holes in cork

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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(1674) father of Microbiology. First to report his observations. He describe "animalcules" from teeth scrapings. The resolution of his primitive microscope/lens system was approximately 1.45 micrometers

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The battle over the existence of spontaneous generation can be traced back to the ancient _____ and _____.

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Greeks and Romans
- Virgil (70-19 B.C.) a Roman epic poet wrote a treatise on the artificial propagation of bees.
- He believed that bees came from honey

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Francesco Redi

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(1668) He was skeptical about spontaneous generation and set-up an experiment that showed that worms (larvae) on meat actually came from flies that landed on the meat and laid eggs. The worms did not arise spontaneously from meat.

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John Needham

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(1745) looked at infusions (soups, broths) through microscopes. When spoiled, he saw many microorganisms. He heated these spoiled infusions to kill the growth and then placed a cork in these flasks. Since organisms then grew, he claimed that spontaneous generation existed

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

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(1765) heated sealed flasks with nonporous corks. These flasks did not result in microbial growth. Therefore, he did not believe in spontaneous generation. Needham responded that Spallanzani had not allowed "vital forces" to enter flask and that is why spontaneous generation did not work.

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Louis Pasteur

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(1861) Major contributor to Microbiology
• using his famous long necked flasks that were bent into S-shaped curves, presented a paper in Paris that completely ended this controversy. Yeast infusions were heated to kill cell. The "vitalists" were satisfied because the flasks were open. Nothing grew. No spontaneous generation.
• (1865) studied Pebrine Diseases. Another disease of silk worms. This disease was caused by a protozoan

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John Tyndall

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developed a process called tyndallization by alternately heating and incubating hay infusions both vegetative cells and spores would be destroyed. Pasteur's apparatus could now be used with hay infusions

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Girolamo Fracastoro

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(1546) described the idea of "contagion," something passed on from one person to another. This led to quarantines. No one knew what was passed along to make people sick. Some believed it was miasmata, poisonous gases from decomposing bodies

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define: miasmata

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poisonous gases from decomposing bodies

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Agostino Bassi

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(1836) studied fungal disease in silkworms. He connected the fungi with disease. First association with microorganism and disease

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Joseph Lister

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(1867) Introduced antiseptic principles in surgery. In 1878 he established a technique for creating pure cultures using serial dilutions. Pure cultures were critical for being able to connect a particular microorganisms with a particular disease. Serial dilutions can also be used to reduce the number of cells/mL for purposes of counting concentrated suspensions of bacteria

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Robert Koch

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(1876) established a protocol (Koch's postulates) for directly relating a specific disease. He determined that Bacillus anthraces was the etiological agent for anthrax

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Who was credited for the first vaccine?

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Edward Jenner in 1798

Front 21

Who coined the term vaccine?

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Louis Pasteur coined the term vaccine nearly 100 years later, vacca for cow

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Louis Pasteur publically demonstrated that _____ caused ____.

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Louis Pasteur publically demonstrated that Pasteurella multocida caused chicken cholera. An error in the demo caused Pasteur to think about immunity