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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a(n):
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cation
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A molecule that tends to form hydration spheres around it is _____.
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hydrophilic
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A saturated fatty acid has a ___ hydrocarbon chain, and is _____ at room temperature.
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A saturated fatty acid has a straight hydrocarbon chain, and is solid at room temperature.
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True/False: The primary structure of a protein is determined by its hydrogen bonds
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False
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True/False: Water molecules are held to other water molecules by polar covalent bonds
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False
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True/False: A solution with a pH of 9 would have a higher free H+ concentration than a solution with a pH of 6.
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False
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True/False: When the body experiences a drop in blood calcium levels, the body secretes a hormone that causes the bone to break down (resulting in the release of calcium into the blood stream). This is an example of positive feedback.
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False
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True/False: Lipids are examples of hydrophobic molecules.
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True
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True/False: Enzymes can only catalyze a reaction one time before being degraded by lysosomes.
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False
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A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons is called a(n):
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ionic bond
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Three fatty acids attach to a glycerol molecule to form a triglyceride in a process called _____.
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dehydration synthesis
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The plasma membrane is composed of _____
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phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol
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Where is energy stored in an ATP molecule?
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phosphate bonds
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A substrate binds to an enzyme at its ____.
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active site
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Microvilli are abundant on:
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cells along the small intestine/digestive tract
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Which of the following is NOT a function of a protein:
a. support b. metabolism regulation c. immune system defenses (antibodies) d. movement e. storage of genetic information |
e. storage of genetic information
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The three base sequence on the mRNA molecule that recognizes and binds to the three base sequence on the tRNA molecule is the:
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codon
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During _____, an anticodon binds to a codon in the _____.
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During translation, an anticodon binds to a codon in the cytosol.
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Monosaccharides are
a. polar b. nonpolar c. amphipathic |
a. polar
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Compare/Contrast the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum versus the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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smooth ER
lipid and carbohydrate synthesis rough ER newly synthesized proteins are chemically modified & packaged for export to Golgi apparatus |
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The presence of ___ chemical groups makes carbohydrates __.
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The presence of hydroxyl chemical groups makes carbohydrates polar.
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Each of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is true except one. Identify the exception.
a. Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms (e.g. oxygen) b. Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule c. Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules d. Hydrogen bonds are important forces for holding large molecules together e. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique properties of water |
a. Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms (e.g. oxygen)
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__ are molecules that contain primarily carbons and hydrogens linked together by non-polar covalent bonds.
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Lipids
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Explain why phospholipids are amphiphatic
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Polar head due to phosphate group; non-polar tails due to fatty acids
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T/F: Interstitial fluid is a component of extracellular fluid.
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True
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The function of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is to conserve water by decreasing urine output. According to the negative feedback mechanism, ADH will be secreted when the:
A) Body is running low in water B) Body has an excess amount of water C) Pituitary gland is extremely dry D) Kidneys are not functioning properly |
A) Body is running low in water
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T/F: There are more organelles than cells in the body.
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True
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T/F: The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
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True
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T/F: Hydrolysis is an example of a catabolic reaction in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules.
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True
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The ___ determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiate the appropriate response.
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control center
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A bond in which electrons are shared unequally occurs in which of the following compounds:
a) NaCl b) oxygen c) water d) sucrose e) steroid |
c) water
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12. Which of the following reactions represents a catabolic reaction?
a. A + B → C+ D b. A+ B → AB c. AB → A + B d. C + D → AB |
c. AB → A + B
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T/F: If a molecule is polar it can pass through a cell membrane.
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False
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When an atom is electrically charged (positive or negative), it is known as a(n)__.
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ion
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During translation, ___ is synthesized in the ___.
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Protein: cytoplasm
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What strand of mRNA would be synthesized from the following strand of DNA: AATG?
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UUAC
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The portion of DNA that codes for a particular protein is called a ___.
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gene
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The hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water are held together by a(n) _______ bond.
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polar covalent
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T/F: Thymine is a pyrimidine that binds adenine.
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True
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Name and describe three differences between the structure of DNA and RNA.
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DNA: deoxyribose sugar, RNA: ribose sugar
DNA: ATCG, RNA: AUCG DNA: double stranded, RNA typically single stranded |
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The sum of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur within the body is called ________.
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metabolism
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Chemical reactions that involve the production of a phosphate bond are called ________ reactions.
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phosphorylation
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During what type of reaction are electrons removed from the reactant?
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oxidation
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Which of the following is not one of the factors that affect the rate of reactions? A.height of the activation energy barrier b. temperature c. transition state d. reactant and prodcut concentration
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transition state
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Decreasing temperatures will ________ the frequency of collisions between molecules, thereby ________ the reaction rate.
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decrease : decreasing
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Enzymes act as ________ to increase reaction rate.
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catalysts
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a. increasing the concentration of reactants b. increasing the activation energy barrier c. increasing the temperature d. adding a catalyst e. adding an enzyme
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increasing the activation energy barrier
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Enzymes are what class of molecule?
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proteins
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How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
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bringing the substrates together to undergo collision
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The greater the attractive forces between substrate and enzyme, that enzyme is said to have a higher ________ for the substrate.
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affinity
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An increase in the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate will increase the reaction rate.
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TRUE
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An increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate.
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TRUE
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During glycolysis, glucose is broken down, yielding what type of molecule?
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2 pyruvate
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Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria?
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conversion of pyruvate to lactate
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The final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is pyruvate. What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
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Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl CoA.
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Where are the enzymes of glycolysis located within the cell?
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cytosol
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What is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport?
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oxygen
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Where is the electron transport chain?
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inner mitochondrial membrane
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ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from ________ to produce ATP.
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the hydrogen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Under anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted to and where does this occur?
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lactate in the cytosol
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Pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions, but it is converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix under aerobic conditions.
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TRUE
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Which of the following molecules is NOT converted to glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis? A. lactate b. pyruvate c. amino acids d. glycerol e. fatty acids
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fatty acids
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What is glycogenolysis?
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the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
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Which of the following molecules is a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
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amino acids and glycerol only
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Glycogenolysis is an example of a catabolic reaction.
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TRUE
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Regulation of an enzyme through reversible binding of a modulator to a regulatory site on an enzyme is specifically called ________.
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allosteric regulation
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During aerobic respiration, __ is oxidized and __ is reduced to form __ and __.
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Glucose; oxygen; carbon dioxide; water
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True/False: After a triglyceride is broken down, fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to form multiple acetyl CoA molecules that can enter the Kreb’s Cycle to form ATP.
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true
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The movement of oxygen from a higher concentration in the lungs to a lower concentration in the blood stream is an example of:
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simple diffusion
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Two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane with the same properties as a cell membrane. Solution A is a 5 percent large globular protein solution and solution B is a 10 percent large globular protein solution. Under these circumstances, which of the following would most likely occur:
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water will move from solution A to solution B
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A red blood cells placed into a hypertonic solution will:
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shrink
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True/False: Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires ATP to undergo a conformational shape change within the membrane.
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true
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The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid is a(n) ____ process.
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anaerobic
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True/False: A modulator molecule binds to an enzyme at the regulatory site to change the shape or activity of that enzyme.
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true
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True/False: Glucose can be broken down to form ATP, fat (fatty acids), and amino acids.
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true
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What process(es) increase after you have eaten a high-carbohydrate meal (circle all that apply):
a. glycogenolysis b. glycogenesis c. gluconeogenesis d. insulin release e. glucagon release |
b. glycogenesis and d. insulin release
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The inside of a cell is more negative with respect to the outside of the cell. Explain WHY.
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excess of anions on the inside of the cell; excess of cations on the outside of the cell
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How would boiling an enzyme affect the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
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Boiling an enzyme would increase the temperature of the enzyme which the enzyme functions best at 40 degrees Celsius which lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction
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