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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the correct order for biological organization going from smallest to largest?
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Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organisms
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The lowest level of biological organization that can independently perform all the activities required for life is the:
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cell - for example, a cyanobacteria.
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What is required for all living organisms?
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- cells - Energy - Respond to stimuli - Growth/reproduction - Adapt to the environment - Levels of organization |
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The emergent properties in biology is...
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The arrangement and interactions of components in a biological system.
Examples: Reproduction, Digestive system, Heredity... --One part of the system cant live without the others. |
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Given that ~1.8 million species are currently described scientifically, biologists appear to be near a complete cataloguing of the diversity of life on Earth. (T/F)
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False
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Prokaryotic cells are structurally more complex than eukaryotic cells. (T/F)
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False
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Derived characters are traits that originate in an ancestor of a particular clade. (T/F) |
False |
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In the scientific process, a hypothesis is...
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An educated guess to explain a set of observations, that will become a theory given supporting experimental data.
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What has NOT YET been accomplished in the lab by scientists studying the origin of life?
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The formation of protocells that use RNA to reproduce themselves.
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What is the The Miller-Urey apparatus? |
Combination of electrical discharge, heat, and a reducing atmosphere to generate organic monomers. |
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What happened to the original ‘Primordial Soup’ hypothesis? |
It was called into question after more recent evidence suggested that the Early Earth atmosphere may not have been a strong reducing environment. |
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What is The ‘Panspermia’ hypothesis? |
It suggests that amino acids and other organic monomers may have arrived on Earth from certain meteorites. |
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What is a key part of the ‘Hydrothermal Vent’ hypothesis |
The reactive environment at deep sea hydrothermal vents. |
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The primary reason that RNA is thought to be a good candidate for the first genetic material is because: |
certain forms of RNA can self-replicate |
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What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? |
- Origin of Prokaryotic cells - Appearance of membrane bound organelles - Origin of multicellular eukaryotes - Origin of prokaryotic symbioses that aid in animal digestion of cellulose |
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What is some of the evidence for evolution? |
- Homologous characters within differet species - Observations of natural selection - The fossil record |
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Adaptive radiations often occur: |
After mass extinctions |
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Evolution by natural selection requires |
1) Variation among individuals 2) Heritable traits 3) A population larger than the environment can support |
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Which was the first true cell type Eu or Pro? |
prokaryote |
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Is Fungi/Plantae a Prokaryote or eukaryote? |
eukaryote |
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What is precisely designated using binomial nomenclature? |
species |
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Which is associated with two domains Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes? |
prokaryote |
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List the Taxonomic Categories. (Biggest-Smallest) |
- Domaine - Kingdom - Phylum - class - Order - Family - Genus - Species D.K.P.C.O.F.G.S. |
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List the 6 main Kingdoms. |
- Fungi - Animalia - Bacteria - Archaea - Plante - Protista F.A.B.-A.P.P. |
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What is a Clade? |
A monophyletic grouping on a phylogenic tree |
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What are the three types of groupings used on a phylogenic tree? How are they different? |
They include the... - Monophyletic : Ancestor and all its descendants - Paraphyletic : Ancestor and some of its descendants - Polyphyletic : neither ancestor or descendants |
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What is "Maximum Parsimony" |
The simplest ,or least amount of changes, in a phylogenic tree. |
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What is the difference between Homology and analogy? |
Homology - Similar bone structure for the same or similar use. (Used in phylo tree) Analogy - Different bone structure for the same or similar use. (NOT used in phylo tree) |
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Why are current prokaryotes not a true monophyletic group? |
Eukaryotes would need to be included as descendants. |
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Why is scientifically describing all the bacterial species in a particular microbiome is difficult? |
- They are all unicellular, and thus difficult to visualize. - Many are difficult to culture in lab, due to their adaptations to unusual environments. - They have few distinctive morphological (shape) characters. - Some are present in very small numbers (i.e., they are rare). |
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What is most likely the classification of an extremophile single-celled organism found in a sulfur-rich volcanic spring? |
Crenarchaeota |
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Which branch of biology is concerned with the naming and classifying of organisms? |
Taxonomy |
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What is the difference Between Saprobes and Parasites? |
Saprobes - Gain energy through decomp of dead organisms Parasites - gain energy through a living Host |
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What is the difference between aerobes vs. anaerobes? |
Aerobes - Live in oxygenated environments Anaerobes - Live in oxygen lacking environments. O2 is usually poisonous to the organism. |
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What is the difference obligate vs. facultative? |
Obligate - Can only survive in an aerobic or anaerobic environment Facultative - Can switch between aerobic and anaerobic environments and survive. |
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A bacterial cell that gains energy through decomposition of dead organisms in the absence of oxygen is an: |
anaerobic saprobe. |
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What is symbiosis? |
interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. |
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Which structure contains a type of molecule that is unique to Domain Bacteria, making most organisms in that domain susceptible to certain antibiotics (e.g., penicillin)? |
Cell Wall |
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What is Transduction? |
genetic material is transferred into a new cell via a virus. |
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many pathogenic prokaryotes are in this group, notably in the Epsilon subgroup? |
Proteobacteria |
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What type of bacteria can photosynthesize? |
Cyanobacteria |
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What parasites can live within animal cells? |
Chlamydias |
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What type of bacteria have relatively thick cell walls? |
Gram-positive Bacteria |
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What type of bacteria have a spiral shape? |
Spirochaete |
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Why are viruses often not considered alive ?Because they ALL... |
Require host cells for metabolism |
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What part of a viral bacteria is primarily composed of protein |
Capsid |
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What part of a viral bacteria is primarily composed of DNA
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Prophage |
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What are characteristic of the lysogenic cycle? |
- Cell has bacterial chromosome inserted - Chromosome connects to the cell DNA strand - cell reproduces normally with viral DNA Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced. |
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What are characteristic of the lytic cycle? |
- Cell has bacterial chromosome inserted - Chromosome connects to the cell DNA strand - Viral DNA destroys the host DNA strand - Virus replicates inside the cell - Virus breaks the cell and attaches to a new host |
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Which cycle results in the rapid (within hours) death of a host cell. Lytic or Lysogenic?
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Lytic |
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Emerging diseases are often associated with:
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Rapid evolution of a virus |
