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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tumor suppressor genes
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normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, and tell cells when to die (a process known as apoptosis or programmed cell death)
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sister chromatids
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Two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere
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Asexual Reproduction
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results in off spring that are genetically identical to the parent- mitosis accompanied by cytokinesis
Yeast and Bacteria reproduce asexucally -self cloning |
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Sexual Reproduction
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result in off spring that carry genetic heredity of both paternal and maternal by means of meiosis
Animals |
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Haploid (1n)
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bacteria and algae: These organisms do not contain homologous chromosomes, and have only one allel for each gene
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Diploid (2n)
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these organisms (humans and cedar trees) have two alleles of each gene, one on each of the homologous pair
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Mitosis
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The division of gentetic material that produces daughter cells that are genetically identocal to their parent cell
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Meiosis
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produces reproductive cells and is the basis of sexual reproduction, the amount of hereditary material found in the parent cell nucleus is reduced by half
occurs only prior to the formation of gametes |
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Spindle Microtubules
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the fibers that pull chromosomes into daughter cell during mitosis
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Centromeres
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this is where sister chromatids are physically joined
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Alleles
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different forms of the sam gene (ie eye color- grn or brown)
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Sex chromosomes
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chromosme associated with an individual's gender
Humans~ chromosome 23 either XX or YX |
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Prophase
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Meiosis: P1- chromo condense, nuclear envolope breaks, spindle aparatus forms, crossingover of non-sister chomatids
P2-spindle aparatus forms Mitosis: chromos condense, nuclear envelope breaks up and spindle aparatus forms |
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Metaphase
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Meiosis: M1-tetrade migrage to middle
M2-chromos line up at the middle Mitosis: chromos completel migration to middle of cell |
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Anaphase
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Meiosis: A1-homologous separates and befin moving to opposite sides of cell
A2-sister chromatids separate move to opp. pole of cell Mitosis: sister chromatids separate. chromos are pulled to opp. poles of cell |
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Telophase
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Meiosis: T1-chromos move to opp side of cell
T2-chromo move to opp side of cell Mitosis: nuclear envelope reforms and spindle disintegrates |
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Cytokinesis
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Meiosis: C1-divide C2-divide
Mitosis: actinmysoin ring causes the plasma membrane to pinch and cleavage forming two daughter cells |
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Interphase: G1, S phase, G2, G0
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G1: gap phase is 2x long as
G0: cell does not under go division S phase: DNA replication-syntheis phase G2- replication of other organelles |
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Homologous chromosomes
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in a diploid organism, chromos that are similar in size shape and gene content
chromo 22 from mom, chromo 22 from dad |
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Crossing over
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Occurs during P1 phase of Meiosis
causes diversity, by result of chromoses having mixed paternal and maternal alleles |
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Apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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Locus/Loci
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gene's physical location on chromosome
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Homozygous
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two copies of the same allels for a the gene
rr or RR |
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Heterozygous
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two different allels for the same gene
Rr |
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Karyotyping
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the distinctive appearance of all the chromosome sin an indicidual,including the number of chromosomes and their ,lengths and banding patterns
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gametes
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Reproductive cells
Sperms in males made in the prostates Oocytes in felmales made the in ovaries |
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Self Fertilization
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one fertilizes onesef
example- Mendel's pea plants often will self polinate due to the nature of the petals of the plant |
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Cross Fertilization
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Fertilization from another source.
For example, mendel used the pollen of one plant to pollenate another plant. This encourages more diversity |
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Law of Segregation
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two allels of each gene must sgrage that is sparate into different gamete cells duing the formation of eggs and sperm in the partents in order to explain the 3:1 phenotype exhibited in the F2 generation
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Codominance
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hertozygotes ahve the pheotype associated with both allels present
Red flower+White flower= spotted Red&White Flower |
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genotypes
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the alleles found in a particular individual
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phenotypes
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observable features of an individual
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Dominant alleles
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these alleles are the determinant when both alleles are present
RR = Round |
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Recessive alleles
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homozygous the ressesive will show, however in heterozygous these wil receed and phenotype of dominant will show
rr=Wrinkled |
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Heterozygous phenotype
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the dominanent allele of the two will show
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Dominant phenotypes
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the expected phenotype will show
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Pleiotropy
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A gene that influences many traits, rather than just one trait is said to be pleitropic
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Incomplete Dominance
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heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype
Red+White= PINK |
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Polygenic
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unlike alleles that determine discrete traits, each allele adds a small amount to a phenotype
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1
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q
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q
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w
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w
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w
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helicase
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catalyzes the breaking of hydrogen bonds between base pairs and the opening of the double helix
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DNA polymerase 3
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extends an okazaki fragment
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DNA ligase
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catalyzes the joining of Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand
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Topoisomerase
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breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix to relieve twisting forces caused by the opening of the helix
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DNA polymerase 1
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extends the leading strand and works in the
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What characteristics of DNA
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phosphate backbone with nitrogen containing bases attached, they run anti-parallel, A-T C-G are the complimentary pairs that connect via hydrogen bond forming a double helix
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Transcription
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the process in which DNA is copied in to the form of mRNA (messenger RNA)
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Translation
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is the synthesis of protein from mRNA
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Stop Codon
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(UAA, UGA. UAG) also known as termination codons, tey signal that the protein is complete and end the translation process
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Start Codon
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(AUG) codes for a.a. methionine and signlas where protein synthesis should start on the mRNA molecule
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ch 17
Gene expression |
the synthesis of mRNA or Protein and is active in the cell
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