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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factors that influence gender
2 bio 2 psychology and explain |
bio
genotype: xx xy pehnotype set of observable characteristics of an individual anatomical behavior Psychology sexual identity objective categorization gender identity a subjective but continuous and persistent sense of male or female |
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Secondary sexual characteristics
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F- boobs high voice
M- muscles facial hair |
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Sexual behavior
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lordosis for females
mounting intromission ejaculation males |
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social behavior
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females nurturing
males aggressive |
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What happens when andgrogens are pressent from the testes?
What happens when there are non present? |
Male characteristics when present, female when not.
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What is the relationship btw testosterone and estrogen that is so important in determining sexual characteristics
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males have testosterone that is converted to estrogen in the brain.
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Two types of androgens secreted by males
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Testosterone
5 alpha dihydrotestosterone |
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When there is sufficient testosterone in the male blood stream yet the male does not exhibit male characteristics which is most likely the reason?
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Androgen sensitivity syndrome
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Gender verification
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60's physical exam
68-98 laboratory genetic tests PCR amplification Looking for Y chromosome material. 98 Genetic testing discontinued: no sex imposters, expensive, 1in 400 |
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masculization of the brain
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Critical period in which the body must be exposed to androgen (test) to become male, or else the default is female.
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Lordosis quotient
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number of times girl goes into lordosis divided by stimulation expressed as a %.
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LH as cyclic or noncyclic
which 2 factors determine this? |
Treatment with testosterone and the age at which treated
*this is important to show the age at which the critical period is determined. |
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SDN-POA
Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area |
It's developed in males
twice the size in males, and is believed to be linked to sexual behavior in males. |
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Sexually dimorphic spinal nucleaus of the bulbocavernosus SNB
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androgen exposure in rats cause it to be bigger, if none (especially during critical period) it's growth is inhibited.
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Aromatase
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converts testosterone into 17-beta-estradiol important for formation of male characteristics.
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Who says they are in love
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least is japanese men, most is russian women
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3 primary emotion categories for mating and reproduction according to fisher
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Lust : motivation for sexual union associated primarily w gonadal steriods estrogen & androgens
Attraction : evolved to facilitate mate choice, associated primarily with catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine Attachment (pair bonding/Companionate love) evolved to motivate positive social behavior and specie-specific parental duties, associated with peptides oxytocin and vasopressin. |
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FMRI on love shows...
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Activation of subcortical systems involved in reward and goal directed behavior
VTA region of A10 dopamine cells Activation of right caudate nucleaus |
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What does the dopamine system do when increased?
(The dopamine reward pathways of the brain) |
Arousal, focused attention ecstasy, intense energy, hyperactivity, sleeplessness, mood swings, emotional dependence, craving.
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Partner preference test
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Voles choose partner over stranger.
When vasopressin (males) and oxytocin (females) are suppressed they don't pair bond. |
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Prairie voles vs Meadow voles and montane voles
(Microtus "ochrogaster pennsylvanicus montanus") |
prairie volves pair bond biparental lose a mate never take another.
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Monogamy
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3-5% of mammals
implies a social organization in which male and female mate exclusively: selective but not exclusive affiliation and copulation |
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OTR
V1ar |
in monogamous prairie voles
OTR females in nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen V1aR in males in the ventral pallidum **Basicly a bunch of crap in the prairie voles not found in the others. |
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Descartes 1664 (pain in the ass)
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Specific neural pathway for pain, and it has specific modality such as touch or warm with its own neural pathway.
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First vs second pain
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1st localized prickling:small myelinated A(omega?)fibers
2nd diffuse burning: C fibers |
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small fibers
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Local anesthetics block them, they are located in, send modality to spinal cord. slow conduction, high threshold to electrical stimulation
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Opiates: function
block what kinds of receptors 2 kinds and function |
inhibit release of transmitter for C-fiber nociceptors
A-(omega?) fibers have no opiate receptors endorphins: circulating enkephalins: localized transmitters |
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Enkephalins, Beta-endorphins
side effects of opiates? |
normally present in body and block C-fiber nociceptors as A-(omega?) have no receptors fo opiates.
Side effect addiction respiratory depression |
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What are nociceptors?
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Sensory neurons react to mechanical, thermal, chemical
Conduct to spine via small diameter axons |
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Temporal dimensions of pain
the 3 types of pain |
Acute pain in response to identified stimulus.
Long lasting pain responding to ongoing process ie inflammation Persistent pain that outlasts the initiating process, ie post herpatic neuralgia phantom limb, nerve or CNS dmg. |
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Hyperalgesia nad two types
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Painful sensation of abnormal severity in response to nociceptor stimuli:
Primary hyperalgesia-peripheral sensitization Secondary hyperalgesia: cental sensitzation |
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Allodynia
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normally non nociceptive stimulus becomes painful by two ways: nociceptors become activated by gentle stimuli or
non nociceptors become able to activate nociceptive neurons in the s.cord |
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Inflammatory hyperalgesia is when inflammation releases a substances that elicit pain, these are classified as two types
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primary hyperalgesia(peripheral sensitization) from the injured area.
secondary hyperalgesia(central sen...bla) from outside injured area |
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Peripheral sensitization
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enhanced responce of nociceptive afferents
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Central sensitization
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increased response from central neurons in response to successive stimuli in small diameter fibers.
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In central sensitization, the central action requires which peptides?
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Substance P, CGRP which are restricted to nociceptive afferent fibers.
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In central sensitization, there may be long lasting changes in central neurons what is this due to?
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new gene expression
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Cox
3 forms VIOXX Tylenol |
1,2,3
cox 1 is protective to stomach, it's best to block cox2 only (near nociceptor endings) VIOXX is cox 2 inhibitor but CV side effects Tylenol acetominophen inhibits cox3 blocking prostaglandins reducing activity in central pain pathways. |
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Windup LTP
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1st seconds 2nd hours
They are responsible for activity induced changes. (are both small diameter fibers)? |
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2 pain pathways
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one is spinal and the other is facial
they begin with sensory neurons that have small c-fibers and go up to the brain. |
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importance of Gate theory
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Balance btw large and small sensory fibers to show output.
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Which fibers do what to the "gate"?
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Small open large turn on.
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What's the point of showing normal subjects, medical phobic and soldiers/athletes and their pain?
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TO show that each person, and that different circumstances lead to different sensitization of pain, opiate mechanisms.
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Hemisection implies...
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pain and discriminative touch sensation have different pathways.
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Anterior cingulat cortex ACC
Somatosensory cortex S1 |
ACC broad pain
S1 specific pain |
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2 nuclei PAG RVM
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periaqueductal gray and Rostral ventromedial medulla
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Representation of pain and gentle stimulation
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one is contralateral and the latter other is ipsilateral in S.Cord Contralateral in the brain
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2 components of nociceptive stimulus are coded by
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discriminative component the properties of the stimulus somatosensory cortex
: affective component, fear unpleasantness, from anterior cingulate gyrus to amygdala |
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PEts scans show increased activity in caudal anterior cingulate cortex not somato sensory cortex
what is the significance of it. Relation to pain? |
Shows that unpleasantness is in the anterior cingulate gyrus and that pain sensds it's message in 2 components where is it and how unpleasant it is.
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On off cells
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lol wtf?
Control mechanisms that .... enhances pain or inhibits it |
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Pain and placebos
what reduces this effect? |
Opiates are enhanced by placebo effect; placebo activates cortical regions that inhibit nociception
naloxone reduces it |
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Carfentanil
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inverse to intrinsic opiate activity
the affect is shown during placebo effect. |
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Referred pain
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pain in viscera referred to somatic structures in the same dermatome. Cells are confused because of the convergence of somatic and visceral input
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Peripheral nerve injury
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lead to lots of pain: pain w stress
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How are joints moved?
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reciprocal action nervous system is wired for it
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Reciprocal innervation pattern
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stretch reflex contraction of stretched muscle relaxation of antagonist.
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Inhibitory interneuron
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it changes the sign of synapitc action and is actived by the same fibers that excite motoneurons to the muscle that is stretched.
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glutamate
glycine |
excitatory NT
inhibitory NT |
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What the fuck is the furnace?
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i dont know :(
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The inhibitory interneuron releases NT Glycine that does what?
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The inhibitory interneuron releases a transmitter (glycine) that inhibits antagonist motoneurons.
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Each motorneuron has receptors for which glutamine or glycine?
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Trick question! :P
Both Each motoneuron has receptors to both glutamate and glycine which together determine its susceptibility to reach action potential threshold–depending on the degree of activation of the opposing receptors |
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What measures muscle length and sends the signal that is responsible for muscle shortening?
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Muscle spindle measures muscle length and this signal is converted to motoneuron depolarization leading to muscle shortening.
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Increasing muscle length leads to reflexively shortening the muscle. This is an example of what?
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Negative feedback
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The muscle when recieving the signal to contract produces_______: which causes a change in __________
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1Output/energy/contractile force
2muscle length |
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Which muscles need nervous system activation?
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Skeletal muscles
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How many motor neurons innervate a muscle fiber?
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1
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How many muscle fibers do motor neurons typically innervate?
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10-500
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Which muscle fibers in a given motor unit contract first?
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None contract first they all go together acting as a single muscle.
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Type S
Vs Type F |
Small force slow contracting fatigue resistance.
THe latter is LG force Fast contracting Fatigue easily |
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In the recruitment of motor units what is the order?
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small force to large force
slow to fast |
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In the recruitment of motor units what is the order with prolonged activity
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fatigue resistance to fatigable.
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What two factors are responsible for our muscles to handle more and more force?
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The number of motor units they recruit and the frequency of dischage (hmmm sound familiar?)
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List each with respect to the amount of force it can handle from small to large
1Unfused tetanus 2Fused tetanus 3Summation of successive isomeric twtich 4Successive isomeric twitch |
4,3,1,2
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