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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Leukopenia |
Condition without white blood cells |
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Types of granulocytes |
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils |
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Subclasses of lymphocytes |
Natural killer B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes |
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Classes of T-lymphocytes |
Regulatory Cytotoxic Helper |
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Neutrophils function |
First line of defense against bacteria, kill with superoxide and phagocytize bacteria involved in infections against bacteria, kill with superoxide and phagocytize bacteria involved in infections and phagocytize bacteria involved in infections |
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Eosinophils function |
Eosinophils attack parasites, attach to their surface and release substances to kill them, usually superoxide and hydrolytic enzymes Inactivate substances released by Basophils and mast cells during allergic reactions |
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Basophils function |
Similar to large mast cells that are numerous in the skin, GI tract, and respiratory tract. Release histamine and heparin when activated my T-lymphocytes. Important in inflammation |
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Monocyte function |
Very large leukocytes Become tissue macrophages, together with neutrophils they are the phagocytes of the body, mostly in skin, spleen, liver, lungs, and bone where they become osteoclasts-differentiate into dendritic cells |
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Hematopoiesis |
Blood cell formation |
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Lymphoid stem cells give rise to... |
Lymphocytes |
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Myeloid stem cells give rise to.... |
Continually grow into erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, granulocytes or monocytes |
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Hemorrhagic anemia |
Loss of blood |
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Aplastic anemia |
Bone marrow loses capacity to produce RBC (chernobyl was a big cause) |
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Iron deficiency anemia |
RBC are small with low hemoglobin |
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Pernicious anemia |
Lack of vitamin B-12 |
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Sickle cell anemia |
Abnormal RBC shape |
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Hemolytic anemia |
Result of hemolytic disease of newborn |
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Leukemia |
Malignant disease of the hematopoeitic tissue in the bone marrow-many types-all caused by a cancerous mutation of the cells in the bone marrow-generally affect WBC |
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Acute leukemia cause and symptoms |
Rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells-over population of immature blood cells makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells Weakness, abnormal bleeding, shortness of breath, flu like symptoms, weight loss, appetite lots, swollen or bleeding gums, anemia, bruising, |
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Chronic leukemia cause |
Slow, excessive build up of relatively mature but abnormal blood cells. Resulting in abnormal white blood cells in the blood |
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Transport of gasses in blood |
-97% oxygen carried bound to hemoglobin in the erythrocytes -when oxygen binds to hemoglobin it turns red and is called oxyhemoglobin -Carbon dioxide is carried dissolved in plasma -CO2 also carried bound to hemoglobin called carbaminohemoglobin |
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CO2 Transport |
Step 1: when CO2 dissolves in plasma, some is made into carbonic acid. Reaction takes place fast because of carbonic anhydrase Step 2:H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3- Step 3: Hydrogen ions are removed by combining with enormous amount of hemoglobin in the RBC Step 4: HCO3- diffuse out of RBC into plasma Step5: chloride ions diffuse into RBC from plasma-effect called the chloride shift |
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Thrombopoietin |
Stimulates production of megakaryocytes |
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Contents of platelets |
Actin and myosin Glycogen Organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes Granules in platelet cytoplasm contain serotonin, von Willebrand factor, clotting factor, and plate derived growth factor |
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Hemostasis |
Prevention of blood loss |
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Steps in hemostasis |
1: temporary local vasoconstriction of damaged arterioles or small arteries 2: accumulation and activation of platelets at the site of damage-formation of platelet plug 3: activation of blood clotting (coagulation) 4: blood clot invaded by fibroblasts and replaced by fibrous tissue, closing the hole permanently and forming scar tissue |
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Formation of a platelet plug |
-Platelets adhere to injured area(von Willebrand factor helps adhere them) -platelets activate and aggregate together (being exposed to thrombin activates platelet to form a plug -platelets degranulate and release the contents of granules (change shape and release contents) |
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Intrinsic pathway |
Foreign, negatively charged surfaces (collagen) activate a series of contact activation factors that include IX. Factor IX forms a complex with factor VIII on the platelet surfaces Stuart factor X and V on platelet surface Prothrombin + calcium=thrombin Thrombin activates factor XIII which stabilizes and cross links fibrin Fibrinogen+thrombin=fibrin |
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Extrinsic pathway (vascular injury) Physiologically more important |
Tissue factor on fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells binds to and activates factor VIII Stuart factor X and V on platelet surfaceProthrombin + calcium=thrombinThrombin activates factor XIII which stabilizes and cross links fibrinFibrinogen+thrombin=fibrin |
