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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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O2 and CO2 diffuse easily across the ? separating the blood in the pulmonary capillaries from the air in the alveoli
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respiratory membrane
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upper respiratory tract includes ?
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nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
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3 parts of pharynx
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nasopharynx
oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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lower respiratory tract includes ?
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larynx, trachea, bronchial tree & lungs
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houses the vocal cords
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larynx
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prevents food & liquid from entering the trachea
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epiglottis
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hyaline cartilage that forms walls of larynx & the Adam's apple
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thyroid cartilage
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cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage
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cricoid cartilage
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C-rings of cartilage are found in the ?
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trachea
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trachea is lined with ?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
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attached to wall of thoracic cavity; attached to surface of lungs
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parietal pleura; visceral pleura
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bronchial tree division
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trachea
primary bronchi lobar bronchi(secondary) segmented bronchi (tertiary) bronchioles terminal bronchioles [respiratory bronchioles] alveolar ducts alveolar sacs (alveoli) |
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4 components of respiratory membrane
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-pulmonary surfactant
-alveolar epithelium on basement membrane -interstitial space -vascular endothelial cells of capillary wall on basement membrane |
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pulmonary capillaries are narrower/wider than RBCs.
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narrower- RBCs must squeeze through
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regions in respiratory tube w/ pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells
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nasal cavity
nasopharynx portions below vocal folds trachea |
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regions in respiratory tubes lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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oropharynx, laryngopharynx, portion in larynx above & including vocal folds
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regions in respiratory tubes lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
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transitory region between nasopharynx and oropharynx
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cartilage disappears in the ?
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bronchioles
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t/f, respiratory tubes acquire a layer of smooth muscle & connective tissue that is rich in elastic fibers
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true
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what type of activity causes the bronchi to constrict and secrete mucus?
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cholinergic
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bronchial smooth muscle is innervated by sympathetic/parasympathetic/both
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parasympathetic nerves, originating in the vagus (X)
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t/f, circulating EN causes dilation of bronchial smooth muscle
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true
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epithelium changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to ? in the terminal bronchiles
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non-ciliated simple cuboidal
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muco-ciliary escalator - describe it
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ciliated epithelium in bronchioles sweep inhaled particles out of the respiratory tract into the pharynx
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phagocytic cells that ingest bacteria & small dust particles; release lysosomal enzymes after ingesting asbestos, silica, smoke
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pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs AKA dust cells)
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composed of proteins & phosopholipids; lowers surface tension of fluid wetting interior surfaces of the alveoli
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pulmonary surfactant
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alveolar epithelium consist of type I and type II cells. which secrete pulmonary surfactant?
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type II
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muscles used in inspiration
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diaphragm
external intercostal muscles accessory muscles (scalene & sternocleidomastoideus) |
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muscles used in voluntary expiration
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-ab muscles (rectus abdominis, internal & external obliques, transversus abdominis)
-internal intercostals |
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most important factor in airway resistance?
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airway diameter
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airway diameter is reduced in patients w/ ?
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, etc.
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EN released from adrenal medulla dilates bronchioles by binding to ? receptors
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beta2-adrenergic
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measures various volumes assoc. w/ respiratory system
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spirometer
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2 reasons for breathing
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-control CO2 levels & therefore prevent a rise/fall of body fluid pH
-maintain O2 levels to support oxidative phosphorylation |
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3 components in control of respiration
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-central controller in brain (medulla)
-muscles -sensors |
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where are the chemoreceptors related to breathing located, and what do each sense?
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medulla - pH & pCO2
carotid & aortic bodies - pO2 |
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stretch receptors related to breathing are located where?
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-lungs
-smooth muscle of airways |
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what is the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?
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stretch receptors in the airways slow breathing rate by increasing the time taken in breathing out
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impulses from ? in joints and muscles stimulate ventilation during exercise
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proprioceptors
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most important factor in the control of ventilation under normal conditions
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pp of CO2 in arterial blood
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major receptors that respond to fall of pH of brain fluid when CO2 rises; secondary receptors?
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medullary chemoreceptors - primary
peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid & aortic bodies) - secondary |
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in what case can low levels of O2 stimulate ventilation (when CO2 levels have not risen)?
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at high altitudes
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site of action for low arterial pp of O2
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peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid & aortic bodies)
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patients with ? have low CO2 levels in blood, but the pH is low b/c of certain acids that are present.
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metabolic acidosis (e.g. diabetes mellitus)
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chief site of pH effect in matabolic acidosis
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peripheral chemoreceptors
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volume of air moved in & out of lungs during quiet breathing
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tidal volume (TV)
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volume of air a person can inhale after normal inspiration
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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volume of air a person can exhale after normal expiration
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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vital capacity = ?
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TV + IRV + ERV
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volume of air in lungs after a person has exhaled as much as possible; cannot be measured by spirometry
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residual volume (RV)
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total lung capacity = ?
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VC + RV
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amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration
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inspiratory capacity (IC)
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volume of air in the lung after a normal expiration
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functional residual capacity (FRC)
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spirometry testing that measures standard volumes & capacities
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vital capacity testing
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most clinically significant test for respiration using modern methods
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forced capacity testing
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TV + IRV
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inspiratory capacity
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ERV + RV
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functional residual capacity
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volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second
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Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
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max amt. of air that can be forcefully exhaled after max inhalation
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forced vital capacity (FVC)
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normally ~80%
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FEV/FVC%
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average flow rate over the middle half of the expiration
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forced expiratory flow rate (FEF 25-75%)
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highest flow rate during max. forced expiration
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peak expiratory flow (PEF)
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8 stats assoc. w/ vital capacity testing
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TV
IRV ERV RV IC VC FRC TLC |
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5 stats assoc. w forced vital capacity testing
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FEV
FVC FEV/FVC% FEF 25-75% PEF |
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reversible diseased cause by allergic reactions to foreign allergens in air
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bronchial asthma
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disease in which elastic tissue of alveoli is replaced by connective tissue; expiration is difficult
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emphysema
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disease caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi; most common cause of infectious death i US
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pneumonia
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uncontrolled proliferation of cells lining respiratory passages; assoc. with "smoker's cough"
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lung cancer
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