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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what makes up the CNS?
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brain & spinal cord
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what makes up the PNS?
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afferent fibers
efferent fibers |
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what are the two types of motor/efferent neurons?
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somatic
autonomic |
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what do somatic neurons innervate?
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skeletal muscles (voluntary)
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what do autonomic neurons innervate?
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smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary)
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what are the 3 divisions under autonomic neurons?
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sympathetic
parasympathetic enteric |
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what type of neurons travel from periphery to CNS?
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sensory/afferent fibers
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what type of neurons travel from the CNS to periphery?
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motor/efferent fibers
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t/f, neuroglial cells are neurons.
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FALSE!!!!!
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types of neuroglia
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astrocytes
oligodendrocytes microglia ependyma |
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star shaped neuroglia found between neurons & blood vessels
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astrocytes
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produce myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the CNS
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oligodendrocytes
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produce myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the PNS.
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Schwann cells
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brain's macs
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microglia
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line ventricles of brain & central canal in spinal cord (like epithelia)
may be cuboidal/columnar & have cilia |
Ependyma
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3 types of neurons based on structural differences
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bipolar
unipolar multipolar |
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3 types of neurons based on what they do
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sensory
motor interneurons |
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where is the cell body of the sensory neuron?
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dorsal root ganglion
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what special items are in a neuron cell body?
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neurofibrils
Nissl bodies/granules |
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what are Nissl bodies & what is their function?
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modified rough ER
-protein synthesis |
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what conducts nerve impulses toward cell body?
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dendrites
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what conducts nerve impulses away from cell body?
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axon
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what is the thin tubular process from which the axon arises?
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axon hillock
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what are the bulb-like endings of the collaterals on axons called?
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synaptic end bulbs
OR presynaptic terminals |
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specialized structure at point of close contact between presynaptic terminal and plasma membrane of receiving cell is called?
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the SYNAPSE!
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what allows neuron cells to 'talk' to one another?
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neurotransmitters
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slow process responsible for carrying soluble proteins down to axon terminals
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axoplasmic flow
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ATP-requiring process involving transport of organelles through the axon on micro- or neurotubules
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axonal transport
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reverse axonal transport
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retrograde axonal transport
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synapse between motor neuron & skeletal muscle
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neuromuscular junction
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t/f, there is only ONE neuromuscular junction found per muscle fiber/cell
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TRUE
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t/f, a single neuron may transmit signals to many muscle fibers?
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TRUE
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plasma membrane at neuromuscular junction is modified to form what?
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motor end plate
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what causes a wave of electrical depolarization to spread over the surface of a muscle fiber?
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acetylcholine binding to its receptors in the membrane
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gaps between myelin sheath on the axon
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Node of Ranvier
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what enzyme destroys acetylcholine?
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cholinesterase
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where are the cell bodies of motor neurons?
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anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter
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motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it is connected with
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motor unit
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t/f, each muscle fiber can receive commands from only ONE motor neuron?
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TRUE
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increasing the # of motor neurons activated at any one time to increase force of contraction
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motor recruitment
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all-or-none applies to what?
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single muscle fibers
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below the threshold
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subthreshold
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explain all-or-none
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activation of a single motor neuron causes max. contraction of all muscle fibers in the motor unit
-stimulus either causes a contraction or it doesnt-> no half contractions |
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how do you increase strength of contraction in an entire muscle?
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add more motor units (which equals more fibers)
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individual muscle twitches merge together
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tetanus
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special sensory receptors that signal info on muscle contraction
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muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs |
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provide data on length of contraction or when it's stretched
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muscle spindles
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provide data on tension being developed by the muscle
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Golgi tendon organs
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peripheral nervous system contains what two types of nerves?
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spinal & cranial
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# of nerves in cervical segment?
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8
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# of nerves in thoracic segment?
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12
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# of nerves in lumbar segment?
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5
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# of nerves in sacral segment?
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5
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# of nerves in coccygeal segment?
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1
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gives rise to nerves for arms
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cervical enlargement
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gives rise to nerves for legs
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lumbar enlargement
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what divides spinal cord into right & left halves?
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anterior median fissue
posterior median sulcus |
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crossbar of H of gray matter in spinal cord
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gray commissure
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interneurons in white matter
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propriospinal neurons
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anterior, posterior, and lateral divisions of the white matter
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funiculi
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2 major functions of spinal cord
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-pathway for information
-spinal reflexes, walking |
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components of a typical spinal reflex
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-sensory receptor
-sensory neuron -interneuron -motor neuron -effector gland/muscle |
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diagrams on 141, 142, 143
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Look at them! Know them!
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withdrawal reflex
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when you touch something painful
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special withdrawal reflex in legs
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crossed extensor reflex
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