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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what makes up the CNS?
brain & spinal cord
what makes up the PNS?
afferent fibers
efferent fibers
what are the two types of motor/efferent neurons?
somatic
autonomic
what do somatic neurons innervate?
skeletal muscles (voluntary)
what do autonomic neurons innervate?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary)
what are the 3 divisions under autonomic neurons?
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric
what type of neurons travel from periphery to CNS?
sensory/afferent fibers
what type of neurons travel from the CNS to periphery?
motor/efferent fibers
t/f, neuroglial cells are neurons.
FALSE!!!!!
types of neuroglia
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependyma
star shaped neuroglia found between neurons & blood vessels
astrocytes
produce myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
produce myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the PNS.
Schwann cells
brain's macs
microglia
line ventricles of brain & central canal in spinal cord (like epithelia)

may be cuboidal/columnar & have cilia
Ependyma
3 types of neurons based on structural differences
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar
3 types of neurons based on what they do
sensory
motor
interneurons
where is the cell body of the sensory neuron?
dorsal root ganglion
what special items are in a neuron cell body?
neurofibrils
Nissl bodies/granules
what are Nissl bodies & what is their function?
modified rough ER
-protein synthesis
what conducts nerve impulses toward cell body?
dendrites
what conducts nerve impulses away from cell body?
axon
what is the thin tubular process from which the axon arises?
axon hillock
what are the bulb-like endings of the collaterals on axons called?
synaptic end bulbs
OR
presynaptic terminals
specialized structure at point of close contact between presynaptic terminal and plasma membrane of receiving cell is called?
the SYNAPSE!
what allows neuron cells to 'talk' to one another?
neurotransmitters
slow process responsible for carrying soluble proteins down to axon terminals
axoplasmic flow
ATP-requiring process involving transport of organelles through the axon on micro- or neurotubules
axonal transport
reverse axonal transport
retrograde axonal transport
synapse between motor neuron & skeletal muscle
neuromuscular junction
t/f, there is only ONE neuromuscular junction found per muscle fiber/cell
TRUE
t/f, a single neuron may transmit signals to many muscle fibers?
TRUE
plasma membrane at neuromuscular junction is modified to form what?
motor end plate
what causes a wave of electrical depolarization to spread over the surface of a muscle fiber?
acetylcholine binding to its receptors in the membrane
gaps between myelin sheath on the axon
Node of Ranvier
what enzyme destroys acetylcholine?
cholinesterase
where are the cell bodies of motor neurons?
anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter
motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it is connected with
motor unit
t/f, each muscle fiber can receive commands from only ONE motor neuron?
TRUE
increasing the # of motor neurons activated at any one time to increase force of contraction
motor recruitment
all-or-none applies to what?
single muscle fibers
below the threshold
subthreshold
explain all-or-none
activation of a single motor neuron causes max. contraction of all muscle fibers in the motor unit
-stimulus either causes a contraction or it doesnt-> no half contractions
how do you increase strength of contraction in an entire muscle?
add more motor units (which equals more fibers)
individual muscle twitches merge together
tetanus
special sensory receptors that signal info on muscle contraction
muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
provide data on length of contraction or when it's stretched
muscle spindles
provide data on tension being developed by the muscle
Golgi tendon organs
peripheral nervous system contains what two types of nerves?
spinal & cranial
# of nerves in cervical segment?
8
# of nerves in thoracic segment?
12
# of nerves in lumbar segment?
5
# of nerves in sacral segment?
5
# of nerves in coccygeal segment?
1
gives rise to nerves for arms
cervical enlargement
gives rise to nerves for legs
lumbar enlargement
what divides spinal cord into right & left halves?
anterior median fissue
posterior median sulcus
crossbar of H of gray matter in spinal cord
gray commissure
interneurons in white matter
propriospinal neurons
anterior, posterior, and lateral divisions of the white matter
funiculi
2 major functions of spinal cord
-pathway for information
-spinal reflexes, walking
components of a typical spinal reflex
-sensory receptor
-sensory neuron
-interneuron
-motor neuron
-effector gland/muscle
diagrams on 141, 142, 143
Look at them! Know them!
withdrawal reflex
when you touch something painful
special withdrawal reflex in legs
crossed extensor reflex