Bio 203 Lab 4

Front 1

5 functions of bones

Back 1

support/protect
lever muscles
blood cell production
calcium storage
lipid storage

Front 2

what provides tensile strength in bones?

Back 2

collagen fibers (like steel rods)

Front 3

what provides compressional strength in bones?

Back 3

calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxylapatite
calcium carbonate

Front 4

hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis

Back 4

formation of blood cells in red bone marrow

Front 5

function of yellow bone marrow

Back 5

stores triglycerides

Front 6

importance of calcium?

Back 6

blood clotting
muscle contraction
release of neurotransmitters & hormones
intracellular signaling element

Front 7

diaphysis

Back 7

shaft of the bone

Front 8

examples of long bones

Back 8

humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals

Front 9

examples of short bones

Back 9

bones in wrist & ankle

Front 10

examples of flat bones

Back 10

skull, ribs, scapulae

Front 11

examples of irregular bones

Back 11

vertebrae

Front 12

examples of round/sesamoid bones

Back 12

some bones in wrist
patella (knee-cap)

Front 13

epiphyses

Back 13

end of long bones, covered by layer of articular cartilage

Front 14

articular cartilage

Back 14

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses (ends of long bones)

Front 15

periosteum

Back 15

dense irregular connective tissue covering surface of diaphysis (bone shaft)

Front 16

wall of diaphysis is made of?

Back 16

compact bone

Front 17

functional unit of compact bone

Back 17

osteon

Front 18

epiphyses made of?

Back 18

spongy bone

Front 19

red bone marrow found where?

Back 19

spongy bone

Front 20

medullary cavity

Back 20

hollow center of long bone shaft

Front 21

endosteum

Back 21

cell lining of medullary cavity; contains blood vessels

Front 22

yellow marrow found where?

Back 22

in medullary cavity

Front 23

intramembranous ossification

Back 23

occurs in fibrous connective tissue

Front 24

endochondral ossification

Back 24

occurs in hyaline cartilage

Front 25

process of ossification

Back 25

synthesis of collagen fibers by osteoblasts followed by calcium phosphate deposition on fibers

Front 26

intramembranous bones

Back 26

skull, mandible, clavicle

Front 27

osteoblasts

Back 27

bone forming cells

Front 28

osteoprogenitor cells

Back 28

osteoblasts differentiate from these

Front 29

osteocytes

Back 29

bone forming cells in lacunae

Front 30

summarize process of endochondral ossification

Back 30

-cartilage bone covered in perichondrium
-periosteal collar forms; primary ossification center develops; marrow cavity appears
-blood vessels invade from perichondrium; cartilage model grows at ends
-periosteal collar grows due to osteoblast activity; secondary ossification centers appear at the epiphyses
-hyaline cartilage remains in epiphyseal plate
-osteoclasts enlarge marrow cavity

Front 31

remodeling

Back 31

replacement of old bone tissue

Front 32

osteoclasts

Back 32

dissolve bone

Front 33

factors affecting bone growth

Back 33

nutrition (vitamins & minerals)
hormones
exercise
aging

Front 34

minerals needed for bones

Back 34

calcium
phosphorus
boron
manganese

Front 35

vitamins needed for bones

Back 35

vitamin D
vitamin A (for bone resorption)
vitamin C (for collagen formation)

Front 36

rickets & osteomalacia

Back 36

calcium deficiency leading to weak & deformed bones

Front 37

growth hormone

Back 37

released by anterior pituitary gland & promotes growth of cartilage at epiphyseal disk

Front 38

calcitonin

Back 38

secreted by thyroid gland
not very important in humans

Front 39

sex hormones

Back 39

promotes closure of epiphyseal disks

Front 40

parathyroid hormone

Back 40

secreted by parathyroid gland; increases amount of calcium ions in blood; stimulates bone resporption

Front 41

thyroid hormones

Back 41

stimulate bone resorption

Front 42

osteoporosis

Back 42

excessive loss of bone mass and mineral content

Front 43

zygomatic

Back 43

cheek bone

Front 44

hyoid bone

Back 44

in the neck held in place by muscles & ligaments

Front 45

atlas

Back 45

first vertebra; supports head

Front 46

axis

Back 46

second vertebra; allows head to pivot

Front 47

odontoid process

Back 47

projection of the axis that allows it to rotate

Front 48

structure of vertebrae

Back 48

thick part- body
attachment sites- spinous & transverse processes

Front 49

sternum structure (3 parts)

Back 49

upper manubrium
middle elongated body
lower xiphoid process

Front 50

axial skeleton

Back 50

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, vertebral column

Front 51

appendicular skeleton

Back 51

pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Front 52

pubic symphysis

Back 52

slightly movable joint between two pubic bones

Front 53

union of 3 segments of pelvic girdle is at?

Back 53

acetabulum

Front 54

calcaneus

Back 54

largest of the tarsals- heel bone

Front 55

coxa

Back 55

hip bone

Front 56

cranium bones

Back 56

one frontal, two temporal, two parietal, one each occipital, sphenoid, & ethmoid

Front 57

facial bones

Back 57

maxilla, mandible, zygomatic

Front 58

middle ear bones

Back 58

malleus, incus, stapes

Front 59

bones in vertebral column

Back 59

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral which form sacrum
4 coccygeal which form coccyx

Front 60

bones of thoracic cage

Back 60

14 true ribs
10 false ribs (2 floating)
sternum

Front 61

pectoral girdle

Back 61

clavicle
scapula

Front 62

pelvic girdle bones

Back 62

ilium (hipbone)
ischium (butt bone)
pubis (anterior)

Front 63

leg bones

Back 63

tibia
fibula
patella
femur

Front 64

hand bones

Back 64

8 carpal
5 metacarpal
14 phalanges

Front 65

foot bones

Back 65

7 tarsal (ankle)
5 metatarsal
14 phalanges

Front 66

arm bones

Back 66

humerus
radius
ulna

Front 67

joint classification (degree of movement)

Back 67

synarthrosis (immovable)
ampiarthrosis (slightly movable)
diarthrosis (free movement)

Front 68

joint classification (based on structure)

Back 68

fibrous (little movement)
cartilaginous (some movement)
synovial (free movement)

Front 69

fibrous joints

Back 69

bones in close contact

Front 70

example of fibrous joints

Back 70

syndesmosis (tibia & fibula)
suture (skull)
gomphosis (teeth)

Front 71

cartilaginous joints

Back 71

bones connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage

Front 72

subtypes of cartilaginous joints

Back 72

synchondrosis (ex: rib to sternum)
symphysis (ex: intervertebral disks)

Front 73

synovial joint

Back 73

bones capped with articular cartilage to reduce friction
joint capsule
synovial membrane
synovial cavity lubricated with synovial fluid

Front 74

describe joint capsule in synovial joint

Back 74

outer layer of dense irr. connective tissue attaches to periosteum
inner layer of loose connective tissue = synovial membrane

Front 75

seven types of synovial joints

Back 75

ball-and-socket
condyloid/ellipsoidal
gliding
hinge
pivot
saddle
bicondylar

Front 76

bicondylar joint (example)

Back 76

only one = knee joint

Front 77

condyloid (example)

Back 77

in wrist

Front 78

gliding (example)

Back 78

in wrist

Front 79

saddle (example)

Back 79

where thumb connects to wrist

Front 80

hinge (example)

Back 80

phalanges

Front 81

ball & socket (example)

Back 81

acetabulum (hip socket)

Front 82

pivot joint (example)

Back 82

radius & ulna articulation

Front 83

View Diagrams on Pages 98, 100, & 101

Back 83

Now!