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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1) Which test is used when anemia is suspected?
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Hematocrit
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2) Platelets are fragments of large multinucleated cells known as ________________.
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Megakaryocytes
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3) The major group of leukocytes that contain no observable cytoplasmic granules and are more abundant in lymphoid tissue and lymph.
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Agranulocytes
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4) An insoluable compound that forms a meshwork of strands that trap RBC's and is, therefore, considered the structural basis of clot formation.
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Fibrin
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5) Another name for the proteins in plasma known as agglutinins.
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Antibodies
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6) The ability of leukocytes to move in and out of blood vessels in order to reach sites of inflammation or tissue destruction.
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Diapedesis
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7) Nucleated cells that are formed in the bone marrow whose numbers average from 4,000 to 11,000 per uL of blood.
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Leukocytes
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8) Anucleocyte (without a nucleus) cells, when mature, whose numbers average 4.5 to 5.0 million per uL of blood.
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Erythrocytes
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9) What is the nonliving fluid matrix portion of blood?
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Plasma
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10) What is the technical name for a blood clot?
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Thrombus
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11) What type of tissue is blood?
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Connective
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12) How many liters of blood are contained in the circulatory system of the average adult?
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5.5L
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13) What is the least common blood type in whites, blacks, and Asians?
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AB
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14) What is the technical term for the process of blood clot formation?
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Coagulation
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15) Whole blood is composed of plasma and ________________.
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Formed Elements
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16) The largest of the leukocytes.
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Monocytes
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17) What is the smallest of the leukocytes?
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Lymphocytes
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18) You are given a capillary tube containing uncentrifuged blood and told to determine the patient’s hematocrit. The original column height before centrifuging is 50 mm. After spinning, the bottom layer of the capillary tube containing cells is 20 mm and the top layer containing plasma is 30 mm. What is the patient’s hematocrit value?
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40
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19) Also called reduced hemoglobin, this is the form of hemoglobin that results after oxygen diffuses into the blood.
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deoxyhemoglobin
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20) This type of leukocyte is present in high amounts in the blood when a patient has a parasitic infection.
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Eosinophil
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James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is:
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Within normal range
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No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in:
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Monocytes
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Place the following in correct developmental sequence:
1. reticulocyte 2. proerythroblast 3. normoblast 4. late erythroblast |
2, 4, 3, 1
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The slowest step in the clotting process is:
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Formation of prothrombin activator
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A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of:
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Pernicious anemia
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Which sequence is correct for the following events?
1. fibrinogen fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin thrombin |
3, 4, 1, 2
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Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?
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There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.
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Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?
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Myeloblast
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Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by:
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Travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise
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When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
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If the father is Rh−
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1) A hormone that regulates gamete production.
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FSH
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2) Steroids or amino acid-based molecules released into the blood, which arouse tissues.
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Hormones
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3) These produce testosterone.
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TH
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4) Its primary function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation.
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Testes
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5) Synthesize insulin.
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Pancreas
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6) Consists of two functional areas: the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis.
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Pituitary Gland
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7) Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and release epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Adrenal Medulla
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8) Regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex portion of the adrenal gland.
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ACTH
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9) This hormone is responsible for promoting and maintaining lactation after childbirth.
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Prolactin
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10) A hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that enables the body to resist long term stress.
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Glucocorticoid
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Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of:
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Cortisol
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Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular:
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Second messengers
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Oxytocin:
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Release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
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Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as:
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Down-regulation
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The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because:
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It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
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Steroid hormones exert their action by:
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Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
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The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by:
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Binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
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Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to:
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Steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily in to target cells
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The major targets of growth hormone are:
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Bones and skeletal muscles
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Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
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The heart
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Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to:
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Cortisol
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The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is:
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Aldosterone
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Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action?
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Calmodulin
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Select the correct statement about hormonal structure or function.
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An amino acid derivative can be a hormone.
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In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as:
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Up-regulation
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Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone?
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Liver
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Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
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It does not require a second messenger to effect a response
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Catecholamines and/or peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of cells that comprise target organs. This binding causes:
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Adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP from ATP.
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Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by:
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Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
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What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones?
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Calcium
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1) Alternating surges of pressure in an artery that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle.
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Pulse
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2) Often referred to as the pacemaker of the heart because it sets the rate of depolarization for the heart as a whole.
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Sinoatrial Node
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3) This wave indicates depolarization of the atria just before atrial contraction.
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P Wave
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4) A heat rate over 100 bpm.
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Tachycardia
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5) When a “blood pressure cuff” is placed around the arm and in- flated to a pressure higher than the systolic pressure, circula- tion to the forearm is occluded. As this pressure is released, characteristic sounds are heard, which indicate the resumption of blood to the forearm. What are these sounds called?
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Sounds of Korotokoff
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6) A double walled fibrous sac that encloses the heart.
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Pericardium
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7) The graphic recording of the electrical charges occurring during the cardiac cycle is called a/an ____________?
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ECG
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8) The apex of the heart is located at the ______________ and is in line with the middle region of the left clavicle.
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5th Intercostal Space
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9) The length of a normal cardiac cycle.
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0.6 sec.:
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10) One superficial pulse that may be readily palpated.
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Jugular Vein
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11) The left atrioventricular valve.
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Bicuspid valve
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12) These arteries ascend through the lateral neck and at the superior border of the larynx and divide into two branches.
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Common Carotid Arteries
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13) Supplies the duodenum and the stomach.
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Common hepatic artery
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14) Site where exchanges of food and gases are made.
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Capillaries
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15) Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
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Anterior Vena Cava
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16) Longest vein in the body, superficial.
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Great saphenous vein
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17) Major artery of the thigh.
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Femoral Artery
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18) Supplies the small intestine.
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Superior mesenteric artery
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19) Artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure.
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Brachial Artery
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20) Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
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Pulmonary vein
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Blood enters which of these vessels during ventricular systole?
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Aorta and pulmonary arteries
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The tricuspid valve is closed:
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When the ventricle is in systole
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The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
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Isovolumetric relaxation
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Stenosis of the mitral valve may initially cause a pressure increase in the:
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Pulmonary circulation
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If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid:
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Slow calcium channels in the pacemaker tissue would be cycling at a greater rate
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Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
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Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
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Histologically, the _________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer.
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Tunica intima (interna)
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A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the:
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Right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
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Cerebral blood flow is regulated by:
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Intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
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A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except:
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Decreased size of the heart muscle
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1) Excess tissue fluid.
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Edema
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2) All reticular lymphoid organs are composed of reticular connective tissue except?
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Thymus
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3) Large isolated clusters of lymphoid follicles, structurally similar to tonsils, that are located in the wall of the distal portion of small intestine.
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Peyer's Patches
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4) Lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils.
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Lymphoid Organs
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5) These types of cells differentiate in the thymus.
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T Cells
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6) Cells that recognize antigens and produce plasma cells.
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B Cells
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7) The lighter-staining center of a lymphoid follicles.
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Germinal centers
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8) Receives lymph drainage from the digestive organs.
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Cisterna Chyli
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9) Internal portion of a lymph gland where cells are arranged in a cordlike fashion.
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Medulla
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10) Lymph enters the subcapular sinus of the lymph node through the ________ .
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Afferent lymphatic vessels
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11) As lymph exits the hilum there are fewer of these types of vessels draining the node than feeding it. What is the name of the vessels draining the node?
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Efferent lymphatic vessels
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Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed:
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Lymph nodes
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The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called:
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Peyer's patches
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The thymus is most active during:
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Childhood
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The lymphatic capillaries are:
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More permeable than blood capillaries
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Lymph leaves a lymph node via:
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Efferent lymphatic vessels
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By secreting hormones, the thymus causes what cells to become immunocompetent?
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Lymphocytes
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When the lymphatics are blocked due to tumors, the result is:
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Severe localized edema distal to the blockage
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What is a bubo?
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An infected lymph node
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The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called:
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Peyer's patches
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Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the:
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Lower extremities
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Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except:
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Islets of Langerhans
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Functions of the lymphatic system include:
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Transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system
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The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the:
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Lingual tonsils
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Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?
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Red blood cells
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A sentinel node is:
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The first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
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Select the correct statement about lymph transport.
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Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles
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Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.
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B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies in to the blood
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Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
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Lymphoid tissue is predominately reticular connective tissue
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A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n):
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Tonsil
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Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups, the ____(1)____ and the ____(2)_____.
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steroids and amino acid-based
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located in the throat; bilobed gland connected by an isthmus
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thyroid gland
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found close to the kidney
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adrenal gland
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a mixed gland, located close to the stomach and small intestine
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pancreas
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paired glands suspended in the scrotum
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testes
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ride “horseback” on the thyroid gland
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parathyroid
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found in the pelvic cavity of the female, concerned with ova and female hormone production
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ovaries
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found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth
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thymus
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found in the roof of the third ventricle
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pineal body
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programming of T lymphocytes (hormone and site of production)
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thymosin anf thymus
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regulate blood calcium levels
1st Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
PTH / parathyroid
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regulate blood calcium levels
2nd Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
thyrocalcitonin/
calcitonin In thryroid Gland |
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released in response to stressors
1st Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
cortisone /
adrenal cortex |
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released in response to stressors
2nd Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
epinephrine / adrenal medulla
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drive development of secondary sexual characteristics
1st Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
estrogens / ovaries
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secondary sexual characteristics
2nd Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
testosterone / testes
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regulate the function of another endocrine gland
1st & 2nd Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
ACTH / anterior pituitary
TSH / anterior pituitary |
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regulate the function of another endocrine gland
3rd & 4th Hormone (hormone and site of production) |
FSH / anterior pituitary
LH / anterior pituitary |
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mimics the sympathetic nervous system (hormone and site of production)
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epinephrine / adrenal medulla
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regulate blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland
1st hormone (hormone and site of production) |
glucagon / pancreas
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regulate blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland
2nd hormone (hormone and site of production) |
insulin / pancreas
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directly responsible for the menstrual cycle
1st hormone (hormone and site of production) |
estrogens / ovaries
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directly responsible for the menstrual cycle
2nd hormone (hormone and site of production) |
progesterone / ovaries
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regulate the ovarian cycle
1st & 2nd hormone (hormone and site of production) |
FSH / anterior pituitary
LH / anterior pituitary |
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maintenance of salt and water balance in the ECF
1st hormone (hormone and site of production) |
ADH / hypothalamus
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maintenance of salt and water balance in the ECF
2nd hormone (hormone and site of production) |
aldosterone / adrenal cortex
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directly involved in milk production and ejection
1st hormone (hormone and site of production) |
oxytocin / hypothalamus
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directly involved in milk production and ejection
2nd hormone (hormone and site of production) |
prolactin / anterior pituitary
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questionable function; may stimulate the melanocytes of the skin (hormone and site of production)
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MSH / anterior pituitary
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