Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What five things does blood transfer?
|
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.
|
|
|
What are the five functions of blood other than transportation?
|
Regulates body temp, immunity, clotting, stabilizes water balance, stabilizes pH.
|
|
|
How much blood does an average adult have in them?
|
4-6 L
|
|
|
What are the components of blood?
|
Plasma and formed elements (Blood cells and platelets)
|
|
|
What are erythrocytes?
|
Red blood cells
|
|
|
What are leukocytes?
|
White blood cells
|
|
|
What are Granulocytes?
|
WBC's that have cytoplasmic granules
|
|
|
What are the three subdivisions of granulocytes?
|
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils.
|
|
|
What are Agranulocytes?
|
WBC's that have no cytoplasmic granules.
|
|
|
What are platelets?
|
Fragments of cells, not whole.
|
|
|
What does a hematocrit do?
|
Separates blood into RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
|
|
|
What is viscosity?
|
The resistance to flow (thickness) caused by the amount of solutes in the blood.
|
|
|
How can viscosity have a strain on the heart?
|
Too many or too few RBCs change the thickness.
|
|
|
What is osmolarity?
|
The total molar concentration of dissolved particles in 1L of solution due to transfer of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue fluids.
|
|
|
What happens if the osmolarity is too high?
|
Bloodstream absorbs too much fluid from tissues causing hypertension.
|
|
|
What happens if the osmolarity is too low?
|
Bloodstream transfers too much fluid to tissues, resulting in edema and hypotension.
|
|
|
What are the properties of blood?
|
Viscosity and osmolarity
|
|
|
What are the components of water?
|
92% water, trace amounts of proteins, enzymes, nutrients, hormones, ect.
|
|
|
What is serum?
|
Plasma minus the clotting proteins
|
|
|
What is the most abundant solute in plasma?
|
Proteins
|
|
|
What are the three categories of plasma proteins?
|
Albumins- Most common, viscosity and osmolarity.
FIbrinogen- Clotting Globulins- Immune system defenses |
|
|
What kind of tissues produce blood cells?
|
Hemopoietic
|
|
|
How do hemopoietic tissues produce blood cells?
|
1. Yolk sac in vertebrae embryo produce stems cells that colonize fetal bone marrow, liver, spleen and thymus.
2. Liver stops producing blood cells at birth, but spleen and thymus remain involved with WBC production. |
|
|
What does red bone marrow produce?
|
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
|
|
|
What are hemocytoblasts and what are they capable of?
|
Stem cells that multiply continually and are pluripotent (capable of differentiating into multiple cell lines)
|
|
|
What is blood cell production stimulated by?
|
Erythropoietin, thrombopotetin and colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
|
|
|
How many blood cells does erythropoiesis produce?
|
2.5 million cells a second.
|
|
|
How long does blood cell development take?
|
3-5 days
|
|
|
What is the first committed cell?
|
A proerythroblast
|
|
|
What is a eryothrocyte?
|
When the ER of a cell degenerates; the cell becomes a fully formed RBC
|
|
|
What is erythrocyte homeostasis?
|
A negative feedback control for oxygen levels.
|
|
|
What happens during erythrocyte homeostasis?
|
EPO? production increases -> stimulation of bone marrow -> RBC count increases in 3-4 days.
|
|
|
What is hypoxemia? How is it caused?
|
An oxygen deficiency of the kidneys. A drop in RBC count causes this.
|
|
|
What are the stimuli for erythropoiesis?
|
Low levels of atmospheric oxygen, increase in exercise, hemorrhaging.
|
|
|
What is the key nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis?
|
Iron.
|
|
|
How is iron lost?
|
Lost through urine, feces, and bleeding.
|
|
|
What two nutrients are required for DNA synthesis and rapid cell division?
|
B12 and folic acid.
|
|
|
What are the two cofactors for enzymes synthesizing RBCs? (nutrients)
|
Vitamin C and copper.
|
|
|
What is the major function of erythrocytes?
|
Gas transport
|
|
|
What is another name for erythrocytes?
|
Red Blood Cells.
|
|
|
The loss of all organelles during maturation causes RBCs to have what?
|
An increased surface area/volume ratio.
|
|
|
What structures on the RBC determines blood type?
|
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
|
|
|
What are actin and spectrin, where are they found, and what are they used for?
|
They are two proteins found on the inner surface on the plasma membrane, and they are used for resilience and durability.
|
|
|
What do RBCs do that no other cells do?
|
Carry out anaerobic fermentation indefinitely.
|
|
|
What is hemoglobin's structure composed of?
|
Four protein chains called globins (2 alpha & 2 beta).
|
|
|
What is each protein chain in hemoglobin attached to?
|
Conjugated with a heme group, which binds oxygen to an iron ion.
|
|
|
How many molecules of oxygen can hemoglobin carry?
|
Four
|
|
|
Why are RBC values lower in women?
|
1. Androgens stimulate RBC production.
2. Women have periodic menstrual losses. 3. Counts are inversely proportional to body fat. |
|
|
Why does it seem that men tend to bleed less?
|
Fewer blood vessels in the skin, and their blood clots faster.
|
|
|
What is the average lifespan for a RBC?
|
120 days
|
|
|
What organ is known as the "erythrocyte graveyard"?
|
Spleen
|
|
|
What does heme get converted into in the spleen?
|
Bilirubin
|
|
|
What does an excess of bilirubin cause?
|
Jaundice
|
|
|
What does erythropoitein do and what is it released from?
|
Stimulates red bone marrow, released from the kidneys.
|
|
|
What are two causes of hypoxemia?
|
Loss of blood, High altitude.
|
|
|
What is Polycythemia?
|
An excess of RBCs.
|
|
|
How is primary polycythemia different from secondary polycythemia?
|
Primary is due to a cancer of the cell line in red bone marrow, while secondary is due to a various causes such as dehydration, and high altitude.
|
|
|
What is anemia?
|
A deficiency of RBCs.
|
|
|
What is iron-deficiency anemia?
|
A dietary deficiency of iron, causing less Hemoglobin.
|
|
|
What is pernicious anemia?
|
Inadequate vitamin B12
|
|
|
What is hypoplastic anemia?
|
A decline in RBC production.
|
|
|
What is aplastic anemia?
|
The complete cessation of RBC production.
|
|
|
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
|
Loss of blood from trauma.
|
|
|
What is hemolytic anemia?
|
RBC destruction.
|
|
|
What are four consequences of anemia?
|
Hypoxia, reduced blood osmolarity, reduced blood viscosity, heart failure.
|
|
|
What is thalassemia?
|
A hereditary hemoglobin defect where the hemoglobin has an absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin.
|
|
|
What is sickle-cell disease?
|
A hereditary hemoglobin defect where the hemoglobin structure is modified.
|
|
|
What are antigens?
|
Proteins on the surface membranes of RBCs
|
|
|
What is another name for antigens?
|
Agglutinogens.
|
|
|
What do plasma antibodies do?
|
Recognize and stick to foreign antigens on RBCs. Bind several RBCs together and cause clumping.
|
|
|
What is another name for plasma antibodies?
|
Agglutinins.
|
|
|
What does Type A blood react to?
|
Types B and AB
|
|
|
What does Type B blood react to?
|
Types A and AB
|
|
|
What does type AB blood react to?
|
AB does not react with any other blood type.
|
|
|
What does type O blood react to?
|
Types A, B, and AB
|
|
|
What is the most common blood type?
|
Type O
|
|
|
What is the rarest blood type?
|
Type AB
|
|
|
What happens when a person gets the wrong blood type transfused into them?
|
Transfused blood gets clumped together by antibodies and can block blood vessels and cause tissue necrosis.
|
|
|
What blood type is the universal recipient?
|
Type AB
|
|
|
What blood type is the universal donor?
|
Type O
|
|
|
What complications can arise from a Rh- mother bearing a Rh+ child?
|
First pregnancy isn't a problem, but if it happens again, the antigens the mother produces from the first pregnancy will clot the blood of a second Rh+ fetus.
|
|
|
What is leukopenia?
|
A low WBC count.
|
|
|
What is leukocytosis?
|
A high WBC count.
|
|
|
What is leukemia?
|
Cancer of hemopoietic tissue.
|
|
|
What is hemostasis?
|
The control of bleeding.
|
|
|
What are platelets?
|
Small fragments of megakaryocytes.
|
|
|
What are the functions of platelets?
|
1. Secrete clotting factors
2. Form temporary platelet plugs. 3. Dissolve old blood clots. 4. Phagocytize bacteria. 5. Attract WBCs to sites of inflammation |
|
|
What are the three hemostatic mechanisms?
|
Vascularspasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.
|
|
|
What is vascularspasm?
|
The step of hemostatsis that prompts constriction of a broken blood vessel
|
|
|
What is platelet plug formation?
|
Platelets stick to the damaged blood vessel and other platelets, drawing the walls of the broken blood vessel together to form a plug.
|
|
|
What is coagulation?
|
Platelets form a framework of fibrin that adheres to the blood vessel wall and makes more platelets stick.
|
|
|
What is fibrinolysis?
|
The dissolution of a clot.
|
|
|
What is platelet repulsion?
|
When platelets do not adhere to prostacyclin coating.
|
|
|
What is thrombin dilution?
|
When platelets are normally diluted by rapidly flowing blood.
|
|
|
What are the two natrual anticoagulants?
|
Antithrombin and heparin.
|
|
|
What is thrombocytopenia?
|
When a person has a platelet count below 100,000.
|
|
|
What is hemophilia?
|
A genetic lack of any clotting factor affects coagulation.
|
|
|
What is thrombosis?
|
Abnormal clotting in unbroken vessel.
|
|
|
What is embolism?
|
An unwanted clot traveling in a blood vessel.
|
|
|
What happens if a clot blocks blood supply to heart or brain?
|
Infarction or tissue death.
|
|
|
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?
|
The widespread clotting of blood within broken vessels.
|
