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297 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many human skeletal muscles are there?
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600
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What are five functions of muscles?
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Movement
Maintain posture Communication Control of openings and passageways Body heat production |
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What are the three connective tissues of a muscle?
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Epimysium
Perimysium Endomysium |
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Which connective tissue covers the whole muscle belly and blends into connective tissue that separates muscles?
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Epimysium
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What connective tissue is sleightly thicker and surrounds a bundle of cells called a fascicle?
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Perimysium
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What type of connective tissue is a thin layer of areolar tissue that surrounds each cell and allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers?
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Endomysium
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What type of a fascia is found between adjacent muscles?
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Deep Fascia
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What type of fascia is found between skin and muscles and contains adipose tissue?
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Superficial Fascia (also known as hypodermis)
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What are three types of muscle attachments?
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Direct attachment to bone
Indirect attachment to bone Attachment to dermis |
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The intercostal muscles is an example of what type of attachment?
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Direct attachment to bone
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The biceps brachii or abdominal muscle is an example of what type of muscle attachment?
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Indirect attachment to bone
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What type of muscle attachment involves tentons or aponeurosis?
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Indirect attachment to bone.
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Which part of the skeletal muscle attaches to the mobile end of the muscle?
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The Insertion part
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What part of the skeletal muscle attaches to the stationary end of the muscle?
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The Origin
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Which part of the muscle consists of the thicker middle region of muscle?
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Belly
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What type of skeletal muscle shape is thick in the middle and tapered at the ends?
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Fusiform
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What shape of muscle is the biceps brachii?
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Fusiform
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What muscle shape is broad at the origin and tapers into a narrow insertion?
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Convergent
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What shape of muscle is the pectoralis major?
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Convergent
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What shape of muscle has parallel fascicles?
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Parallel
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What shape of muscle is the rectus abdominis?
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Parallel
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What shape of muscle acts as sphincters?
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Circular
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What shape of muscle is the orbicularis oris?
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Circular
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What shape of muscle do the fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon?
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Pennate
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The deltoid has what muscle shape?
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Pennate
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During elbow flexion, what is the prime mover?
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Biceps Brachii
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During elbow flexion, what muscle is the synergist?
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brachialis
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During elbow flexion, what muscle is the antagonist?
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Triceps brachii
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What would be an example of a fixator muscle during elbow flexion?
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Rhomboideus
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What types of muscles are contained within a region?
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Intrinsic Muscles
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What types of muscles move the fingers but are found outside the region?
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Extrinsic Muscles
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Where do the cranial nerves from the brain exit the skull?
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Foramina
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What are the five universal characteristics of a muscle?
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Responsiveness
Conductivity Extensibility Contractility Elasticity |
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How long can myofibers get?
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up to 30cm
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What is the sequence of connective tissue that exists between muscle fiber and bone?
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Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium, Fascia, Tendon
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Where is Calcium stored in the muscle?
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Terminal Cisternae
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
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What types of cells can multiply to produce a small number of new myofibers?
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Unfused satellite cells
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What carries electric current to the cellular interior?
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The T tubules
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What is the sarcoplasm filled with?
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myofibrils (which are protein microfilaments called myofilaments)
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What are two important molecules in the muscle?
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Glycogen and Myoglobin
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What are the calcium storage sacs called?
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Terminal cisternae
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Thick filaments are made of?
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myosin molecules
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Thin filaments are made of?
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Actin
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What molecule blocks the active sites?
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Tropomyosin
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What is a huge springy protein found in elastic filaments?
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titin
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What connects thick filament to Z disc structure?
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Titin
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What helps to keep thick and thin filaments aligned, resists overstretching, and helps the cell recoil to its resting length?
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titin
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What are two contractile proteins?
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Actin and Myosin
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What are the two regulatory proteins?
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Tropomyosin and Troponin.
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Which band is the thick filament region?
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the A band
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Which band is the thin filament region?
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The I band
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Where can the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons found?
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The Brainstem or Spinal Cord
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What is the name for each motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates?
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Motor unit
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What is the name of the region where nerve fibers make a functional contact with its target cell?
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Synapse
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Where are the vesicles filled with ACh located?
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In the synaptic knob
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Where is the region with all of the muscle cell surface?
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Motor end plate.
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Which enzyme breaks down ACh and causes relaxation?
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Acetylcholineesterase
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What binds to cholinesterase inhibitors and renders their use inoperable?
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Pesticides
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What causes tetanus or lockjaw?
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Clostridium tetani bacteria
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What substance blocks glycine release in the spinal cord?
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Tetanus
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What is the difference in charge across the membrane potential of a muscle cell?
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-90mV
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What type of actin makes up the two intertwined strands?
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F or fibrous actin
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What makes up each subunit of actin that has an active site?
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G or globular actin
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What does the A and I stand for in the bands?
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Anisotrophic and Isotropic
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What constitutes a sarcomere?
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One complete Z disc
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Do the thick or thin filaments change length during shortening?
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No
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Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?
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The brainstem or spinal cord
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What are the axons of somatic motor neurons called?
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Somatic Motor fibers
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What is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates called?
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A Motor Unit
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What provides the ability to sustain long-term contraction?
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A motor unit
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What how many muscle fibers per nerve fiber would constitute fine control?
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20 muscle fibers per nerve fiber
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What is the average normal muscle fibers per one nerve fiber?
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200
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How many muscle fibers does the gastrocnemius muscle have per nerve fiber?
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1000
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What is release from a neuromuscular junction?
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A Neurotransmitter
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What is the neurotransmitter of the muscle cell?
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Acetylcholine
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What are two components of a synapse of a muscle cell?
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A Synaptic knob (sender)
Motor end plate (reciever) |
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What is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine and causes relaxation?
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Acetylcholinesterase
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What envelopes and isolates the NMJ?
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Schwann cell
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What contains cholinesterase inhibitors that prevent acetylcholinesterase from degrading ACh?
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Pesticides
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What causes tetanus or lockjaw?
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A toxin of Clostridium tetani
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What does the toxin of Clostridium tetani block the release of?
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Glycine
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What causes flaccid paralysis unable to contract because of a competition with ACh?
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curare
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Name the step of excitation:
Nerve signal stimulates voltage-gated calcium channels and cause the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles with ACh |
Steps 1 & 2
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Name the step of muscle excitation:
Binding of ACh opens Sodium and Potassium channels causing an end-plate potential (EPP) |
Steps 3 and 4
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Name the step of muscle excitation:
Voltage change in EPP open voltage gated channels in plasme membrane causing an action potential |
Step 5
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Name the step in excitation of muscle contraction:
Action potential spreads over sarcolemma into the T tubules where voltage-gated channels open causing calcium gates to open in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum |
Steps 6 & 7
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What is the step of excitation:
Calcium release causes the binding of myosin to active sites on actin. |
Steps 8 & 9
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Name the step of muscle excitation contraction:
Myosin head with ATP can form a cross-bridge |
Steps 10 & 11
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What enzyme causes the release of energy for the myosin head to move into position?
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myosin ATPase
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What step of contraction is this:
Power stroke shows myosin head releasing ADP and phosphate as it pulls the actin filament and later releases as myosin binds another ATP |
Steps 12 & 13
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What step is this in relaxation:
Stimulation ceases and acrtylcholinesterase removes ACh from receptors |
Steps 14 & 15
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What step of relaxation is this:
Active transport pumps calcium back into SR where it binds to calsequestrin |
Step 16
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True/False:
ATP is needed for muscle relaxation AND contration |
True
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What does calcium bind to in the SR?
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Calsequestrin
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What is this step of relaxation:
Loss of calcium from sarcoplasm results in hiding of active sites and cessation of the production or maintenance of tension. |
Steps 17 & 18
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What does the amount of tension generated depend on?
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Length of muscle before it was stimulated
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What does an overly contracted muscle produce?
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Weak contraction
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Why does a too stretched muscle generate weak contraction?
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The lack of overlap hinders cross bridge formation
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What length produces the greatest force in contraction?
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Optimum resting length
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What maintains the optimum length?
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Muscle tone or partial contraction
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What is the term for the stiffening of the body about 3-4 hours after death?
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Rigor Mortis
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How long does rigor mortis last?
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48 hours
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Why does rigor mortis occur?
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Influx of Calcium from dead SR and lack of ATP for relaxation
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What causes the rigor mortis to dissipate?
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Decay of the myofilaments
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What is the term for the minimum voltage necessary to produce contraction?
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Threshold
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What is a single brief stimulus that allows for a quick contraction and relaxation called?
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a Twitch
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What are the three phases of twitch contraction?
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Latent period
Contraction Phase Relaxation Phase Refractory period |
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What influences twitch strength?
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Stimulation frequency
Concentration of Calcium Length-tonus Temperature pH Hydration of muscle fibers |
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What type of contraction develops tension without changing length?
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Isometric Contraction
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What type of contraction involves changing the length of the muscle?
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Isotonic Contraction
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What is the term for tension development while shortening?
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concentric
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What is the term for tension development while lengthening?
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eccentric
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What is the enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from one ADP to another?
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myokinase
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What enzyme removes phospates from creatine phosphate?
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Creatine kinase
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What are the causes of fatigue?
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ATP synthesis declines to lack of glycogen
sodium-potassium pumps fail to work due to lack of ATP Lactic acid lowers pH inhibiting enzyme function Motor nerve fibers use up acetylcholine |
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What is the ability to maintain high-intensity exercise determined by?
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Maximum oxygen uptake
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What is the maximum oxygen uptake proportional to?
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Body size
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What is carbohydrate loading?
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Diet to pack glycogen into muscle cells
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What is a typical amount of oxygen debt?
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11 liters
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What does the extra oxygen obtained during oxygen debt allow for?
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Replaces reserves
Replenishes phosphagen system Reconverts lactic acid to glucose Serves the elevated metabolic rate |
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What type of fiber has more mitochodria, myoglobin, and capillaries?
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Slow twitch
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What type of fiber is adapted for aerobic respiration and is resistant to fatigue?
|
Slow twitch
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The soleus and postural muscles are what type of muscle fiber?
|
Slow twitch
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What type of muscle fibers are rich in enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid systems?
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Fast twitch
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In which type of muscle fibers does the sarcoplasmic reticulus release calcium quickly?
|
Fast twitch
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The gastrocnemius muscle is an example of what type of muscle fiber?
|
Fast twitch
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What are factors that increase strength of contraction?
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Muscle size and fascicle arrangement
Size of motor units and motor unit recruitment frequency of stimulus length of muscle at the beginning of contraction |
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How does weight lifting increase muscle mass?
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It stimulates cell enlargement due to synthesis of more myofilaments
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How does endurance training affect the muscle cells?
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It produces an increase in mitochondria, glycogen and density of capillaries
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How does the cardiac muscle compare to the skeleton muscle?
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The cells are shorter, thicker, branched, and are linked at intercalated discs
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What allows cells to stimulate their neighbors in a cardiac muscle?
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electrical gap
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What keep cells from pulling apart in cardic muscles?
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mechanical junctions
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What part of the cardic muscle is larger?
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The T tubules
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What allow the cardic muscle to be autorhythmic?
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Pacemaker cells
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How many nuclei does a smooth muscle contain?
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one nucleus
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Does a smooth muscle have striations?
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No
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What is lacking from a smooth muscle?
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T Tubules
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Where does calcium come from for smooth muscle contraction?
|
extracellular fluid
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The muscles of the arteries, iris, air passages, etc are examples of what type of smooth muscle?
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Multiunit smooth
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What type of smooth muscle is found in most blood vessels and viscera?
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Single-unit smooth
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What causes a smooth muscle to twitch?
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hormones, CO2, low pH, stretch
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What type of stimulation of a smooth muscle opens mechanically-gated calcium channels?
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Stretch
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What type of stimulus is food entering the esophagus?
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Stretch
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Where is a stress-relaxation response found?
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urinary bladder
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What is joint luxation? Does it occur in zero gravity?
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Dislocation of the joint, and does not occur due to zero gravity
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What is the main form of muscular distrophy?
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Duchenne MD
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What does fascioscapulohumeral MD affect?
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Face and shoulder only
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What is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack the NMJ and bind to ACh receptors?
|
Myesthenia Gravis
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What are some symptoms of Myesthenia Gravis?
|
Drooping eyelids and double vision
Difficulty swallowing Weakness of the limbs Respiratory failure |
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What are shinsplints?
|
Pain in the front lower leg
|
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What is lateral epicondylitis more commonly known as?
|
Tennis elbow
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What are athletic injuries normally treated with?
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Rest, ice, compression, and elevation
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From where does the spinal cord extend?
|
Foramen Magnum
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After a spinal nerve recieves sensory information, what does it do with it?
|
Relays motor signals to muscles and glands
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What part of the nervous system is associated with the spinal cord?
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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What are the spinal nerves apart of?
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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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What are three functions of the spinal cord?
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Conduction
Locomotion Reflexes |
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In an adult, where does the spinal cord extend to?
|
L1 Vertebrae
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How many pairs of spinal nerves do we have?
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31
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Where are the cauda equinae spinal nerves located?
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L2 to S5
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What are the three fibrous layers that enclose the spinal cord?
|
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater |
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What is the dura mater surrounded by?
|
epidural space
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What type of tissue is composed of that arachnoid mater?
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Simple squamous epithelium
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What is the delicate membrane that is adherent to the spinal cord?
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Pia mater
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What part of the pia mater anchors the cord to the coccyx?
|
Filium terminale
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What part of the pia mater extends through the arachnoid to the dura to anchor the cord?
|
Denticulate ligaments
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What is a neural tube defect called?
|
Spina Bifida
|
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What is a sac protruding from the spine called?
|
Spina bifida cystica
|
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What supplement can reduce the risk of spina bifida?
|
Folic acid supplements
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What is composed of gray matter?
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Neuron cell bodies
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What is composed of white matter?
|
Myelinated axons
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What does the dorsal root of the spinal nerve consist of?
|
Sensory fibers
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What does the ventral root of the spinal nerve consist of?
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Motor fibers
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What connects the ventral and dorsal horns?
|
Gray commissure punctured by a central canal
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What are the three pairs of columns or funiculi in the white matter?
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Dorsal, lateral, and anterior
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What fills the columns of white matter?
|
tracts or fasciculi
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Which direction do the ascending and descending tracts travel?
|
Up or Down
|
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What is the term for when fibers cross sides?
|
Decussation
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What is the term for when the origin and destination are on the same side?
|
Ipsilateral
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What is the term for when the origin and destination are on opposite sides?
|
Contralateral
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What is the disease where motor neurons in the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord is destroyed?
|
Poliomyelitis
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How is polio spread?
|
Fecal contamination in water
|
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What is the disease that causes sclerosis of spinal cord due to astrocyte failure to reabsorb glutamate?
|
ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) or Lou Gehrig
|
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With Lou Gherig's disease what happens to the sensory and intellectual functions of an individual?
|
They remain unaffected
|
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What are the three parts of a nerve?
|
Epineurium
Perineurium Endoneurium |
|
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What part of a nerve covers the nerves?
|
Epineurium
|
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What part of a nerve surrounds a fascicle?
|
Perineurium
|
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What part of a nerve separates individual nerve fibers?
|
Endoneurium
|
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What part of the nerve is penetrated by blood vessels?
|
Perineurium
|
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Where can ganglia be found?
|
PNS
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What is the dorsal root ganglion?
|
Sensory Cell Bodies
|
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What are the three types of proximal branches of the spinal nerves?
|
Dorsal root
Ventral Root Cauda equina |
|
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In the proximal branch, what par is sensory input to the spinal cord?
|
Dorsal Root
|
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In the proximal branch, What is the motor output of the spinal cord?
|
Ventral Root
|
|
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Where is the cauda equina located in the proximal branch?
|
L2 to C0
|
|
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What are the three components of the distal branches of nerve fibers?
|
Dorsal Ramus
Ventral Ramus Meningeal Branch |
|
|
What distal branch supplies dorsal body muscle and skin?
|
Dorsal Ramus
|
|
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What distal branch goes to ventral skin and muscles and limbs?
|
Ventral ramus
|
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What distal branch goes to the meninges, vertebrae, and ligaments
|
Meningeal branch
|
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How many spinal nerves are in the cervical portion?
|
8
|
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How many spinal nerves are in the thoracic portion?
|
12
|
|
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How many spinal nerves are in the lumbar portion?
|
5
|
|
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How many spinal nerves are in the sacral region?
|
5
|
|
|
How many spinal nerves are in the coccygeal region?
|
1
|
|
|
What ventral nerve plexus supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm?
|
Cervical in neck C1-C5
|
|
|
What nerve plexus supplies the upper limb and some of the shoulder and neck?
|
Brachial in armpit C5 to T1
|
|
|
What nerve plexus supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh & genitalia?
|
Lumber in lower back - L1 to L4
|
|
|
What nerve plexus supplies the remainder of butt and lower limb?
|
Sacral in pelvis - L4, L5, S1 - S4
|
|
|
What is the longest nerve in the body?
|
Psiatic nerve
|
|
|
What is the psiatic nerve apart of?
|
Sacral Plexus
|
|
|
What is the tibial nerve part of?
|
Sacral Plexus
|
|
|
Where do spinal nerves recieve sensory input from?
|
Dermatome
|
|
|
What are skin eruption along the path of a nerve?
|
Shingles
|
|
|
Where do Vericells-zoster or Herpes-zoster (chicken pox) remain for life?
|
Dorsal root ganglia
|
|
|
What types of fibers carry signal to the brain/spinal cord?
|
Afferent
|
|
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What types of fibers carry impulses to the muscles?
|
efferent
|
|
|
What is the sense organ that monitors length of musle and how fast muscles change in length?
|
Proprioceptors
|
|
|
What reflex helps to maintain posture and equilibrium?
|
Myotatic or Stretch Reflex
|
|
|
What prevents muscles from working against each other?
|
Reciprocal inhibition
|
|
|
What type of reflex is the withdrawl of foot from pain?
|
Flexor reflex
|
|
|
What allows us to maintain balance while lifting the other leg?
|
Crossed-extensor reflex
|
|
|
What are the early symptoms of spinal cord trauma called?
|
Spinal Shock
|
|
|
What follows tissue damage in spinal cord injury?
|
Post-traumatic infarction
|
|
|
What types of neurons process, store and retrieve information?
|
Interneurons
|
|
|
What type of neuron composes 90% of our neurons?
|
Interneurons
|
|
|
What are organs that carry out responses called?
|
effectors
|
|
|
What are the three fundamental properties of neurons?
|
Excitability
Conductivity Secretion |
|
|
In the brain which is deep, white matter or gray matter?
|
white matter
|
|
|
In the spinal cord, which is deep, white matter or gray matter?
|
Gray matter
|
|
|
What is another term for the cell body or soma?
|
Perikaryon
|
|
|
What is the compartmentalization of the ER called?
|
Nissl bodies
|
|
|
What is the most common neuron?
|
Multipolar
|
|
|
What neuron is composed of many dentrites and one axon?
|
Multipolar
|
|
|
What type of neuron is composed of one dendrite and one axon?
|
Bipolar
|
|
|
The olfactory, retina, and ear neurons are of which type?
|
Bipolar
|
|
|
What types of neurons are specialized for quick signaling?
|
Unipolar neurons
|
|
|
What type of neuron is a long myleninated fiber that bypasses soma?
|
Unipolar neuron
|
|
|
What type of neuron is found in sensory function of skin?
|
Unipolar neuron
|
|
|
What type of neuroglial cells for the myelin sheaths in the CNS?
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Oligodendrocytes
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What are the most abundant neuroglial cells?
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Astrocytes
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What contributes to the blood-brain barrier and regulates composition of tissue fluid?
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Astrocytes
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What are the cells that line cavities to form the cerebrial spinal fluid?
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Ependymal cells
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What are the macrophages found in the CNS called?
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Microglia
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What cells myelinate fibers of the PNS?
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Schwann cells
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What is a neuroglial cell that has an unknown function?
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Satellite cell
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What is the composition of a myelin sheath?
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20% protein and 80% lipid
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What is the outermost coil of a myelin sheath called?
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Neurilemma or schwann ell
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Does the CNS have a neurilemma or endoneurium?
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No
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What is the disease where the oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS degenerate?
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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What is a hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of Jewish ancestory?
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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What must be present in order for the regeneration of peripheral nerve fibers?
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Soma and Neurilemmal tube in tact
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What is the resting membrane potential of living cells?
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-70mV
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What can stimulate disturbances in membrane potential?
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chemicals, light, heat, or mechanical
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What occurs when sodium gated channels open?
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Depolarization
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What are the three characteristics of action potentials?
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Graded, Decremental, Reversible
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What is the threshold potential?
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-55mV
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What is the peak voltage in an action potential?
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+35mV
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What type of refractory period will inhibit an action potential?
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Absolute refractory period
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What is a characteristic of an absolute refractory period?
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Sodium gates are open
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What is a characteristic of a relative refractory period?
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Potassium gates are open
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In the resting state which voltage gated channels are open?
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None
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At what speed does a nerve signal travel at in unmyelinated fibers?
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2m/sec
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What is the term of conduction with myelinated fibers?
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Saltatory
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What neuron is releasing the neurotransmitter?
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Presynaptic Neuron
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What are the three types of synapses?
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Axodendritic
Axosomatic Axoaxonic |
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Who was the first to demonstrate the function of neurotransmitters?
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Otto Loewi
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How large is the gap at the synaptic cleft?
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20 to 40 nm
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What type of monoamine are epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine?
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Chatecholamines
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What types of monoamines are seratonin and histamine?
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Indolamines
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Where are neuropeptides stored?
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In dense-core vesicles in the axon terminal
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What peptide can cause food cravings?
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Gut-brain peptides
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What is the term for synaptic transmission of the direct transfer of ACh?
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Ionic synaptic transmission
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What type of synapse transmission relys on a second messanger?
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Metabotropic Synapse Transmission
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How can a signal be ceased or modified?
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Through diffusion, reabsorbtion, or degredation
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What can raise or lower the number of receptors or regulate neurotransmitter release, synthesis or breakdown?
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Neuromodulators
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Nitric oxide is a type of what?
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Neuromodulator
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What kinds of synapses are the decision making components of the nervous system?
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Chemical synapses
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What are two excitatory neurotransmitters?
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Glutamate and Aspartate
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What does in influx of Na+ flowing into the cell cause?
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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What does an influx of Cl- flowing into the cell cause?
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
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What are two inhibitory neurotransmitters?
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Glycine and GABA
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What occurs when a single synapse receives many EPSPs in a short period of time?
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Temporal summation
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What occurs when a single synapse receives many ESPSs from many presynaptic cells?
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Spatial summation
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Salty vs sweet is an example of what type of information?
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Qualitative
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Mild vs strong is an example of what type of information?
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Quantitative
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How is qualitative information processed?
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The types of neurons that fire
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How is quantitative information processed?
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The strength of the stimuli (recruitment)
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How are memories stored?
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In memory traces or engrams
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What is the term for the modification of synapses to make transmission easier?
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Synaptic plasticity
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What causes memory to last longer?
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Facilitation
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What allows memory to be jogged?
|
Posttetanic potentiation
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What type of long-term memory is the retention of facts as texts or words?
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declarative
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What type of memory is the retention of motor skills?
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procedural
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What percent of the population is affected by Alzheimers Disease?
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11% @ 65 and 47% @ 85
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What disease is characteristic of the atrophy of gyn in cerebral cortex, neurofibrillary tangles, and senile plaques?
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Alzheimers Disease
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What disease is the progressive loss of motor function in the 50s or 60s
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Parkinsons Disease
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What is the disease that is the degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons?
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Parkinsons Disease
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