Bio 201 Exam 2

Front 1

The shaft of a long bone

Back 1

Diaphysis

Front 2

A part or process of a bone that ossifies separately and later becomes ankylosed to the main part of the bone ; especially : an end of a long bone.

Back 2

Epiphysis

epiph·y·sis

Front 3

The marrow cavity of a bone

Back 3

Medullary Cavity

Front 4

The layer of vascular connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone

Back 4

Endosteum


end·os·te·um
Pronunciation: en-däs-t-m

Front 5

The membrane of connective tissue that closely invests all bones except at the articular surfaces

Back 5

Periosteum

Front 6

This bone is designed to nourish and regulate osteocytes and bone matrix

Back 6

Compact Bone

Front 7

In anatomy, one of the two layers of compact bone that make up the interior and exterior walls of the _______. They are the plates of the _____and are separated from each other by the _______which is a soft spongy material containing _____ ______.

Back 7

CRANIUM - SKULL - DIPLOE - BONE MARROW.
In anatomy, one of the two layers of compact bone that make up the interior and exterior walls of the cranium. They are the plates of the skull and are separated from each other by the diploe which is a soft spongy material containing bone marrow.

Front 8

The soft spongy material containing bone marrow

Back 8

Diploe

Front 9

A haversian canal with the concentrically arranged laminae of bone that surround it -- called also ________

Back 9

osteon

Front 10

Any of the small canals through which the blood vessels ramify* in bone.


*To send out branches or subordinate branchlike parts.

Back 10

Haversian Canal

Front 11

One of the bony concentric layers surrounding the haversian canals in bone.

Back 11

Lamellae

Front 12

A sheet like membrane found within a chloroplast of an autotrophic cell.

Back 12

Lamella (Lamellae pl)

Front 13

A cavity, space, or depression, especially in a bone, containing cartilage or bone cells.

Back 13

Lacunae

Front 14

A small canal or duct in the body, such as the minute channels in compact bone.

Back 14

Canaliculi

Front 15

Bone forming cells that arise from osteogenic cells, deposit mone matrix and eventually become osteocytes.

Back 15

Osteoblast

Front 16

A cell that is characteristic of adult bone and is isolated in a lacuna of the bone substance.

Back 16

Osteocyte

Front 17

Any of the large multinucleate* cells cloely associated with areas of bone resorption (as in a fracture that is healing)

*Having two or more nuclei

Back 17

osteoclast

Front 18

The osteoclast is usually found in depressions called _________ _______ at the surfaces of bony tissue and is associated with bone resorption; it is a large multi-nucleated cell derived from blood monocytes

Back 18

Hawship's Capsule

Front 19

A complex phosphate of calcium that occures as a mineral and is the chief structural element of vertebrate bone.

Back 19

hydroxyapatite

Front 20

Any of the intersecting osseous bars occurring in cancellous bone

Back 20

Trabeculae

Front 21

one of a pair of longitudinally directed more or less curved Cartilaginous rods in the developing skull of a vertebrate that develop under the anterior part of the brain on each side of the pituitary gland and subsequently fuse with each other and with the parachordal cartilages to form the base of the cartilaginous cranium

Back 21

Trabeculae

Front 22

A cartilage cell

Back 22

Condrocyte

Front 23

Any of several sulfated forms of chondroitin found in various tissues (as cartilage, adult bone, and tendons)

Back 23

Chondroitin sulfate

Front 24

Any of several sulfated forms of chondroitin found in various tissues (as cartilage, adult bone, and tendons)

Back 24

Chondroitin Sulfate

Front 25

Growing from or on the inside

Back 25

endogenous

Front 26

Growing from or on the outside

Back 26

exogenous

Front 27

A membrane-covered opening in bone or between bones.

Back 27

Fontanel

Front 28

The line marking the epiphyseal plate.

Back 28

Epiphyseal line

Front 29

The first change indicative of beginning ossification takes place about the center of the future bone shaft. Here the cartilage cells hypertrophy and the cartilage matrix becomes calcified. Subsequently, part of the calcified matrix disintegrates, opening cavities that communicate with the connective tissue and vessels at the surface.

Back 29

Primary ossification center

Front 30

This is typical hyaline cartilage and is a large zone in this preparation.

Back 30

Zone of reserve cartilage

Front 31

The cartilage cells are small and tend to be arranged in columns, which run parallel to the long axis of the cartilage. This arrangement is indicative of their intense mitotic activity

Back 31

Zone of proliferation

Front 32

Chondrocytes and lacunae are larger than in the previous zone. The chondrocytes increase in size and resorb some their lacunar walls, enlarging them to such an extent that some of the lacunae become confluent.

Back 32

Zone of cell and lacunar maturation and hypertrophy enlargement

Front 33

This is a small zone having a slightly darker appearance than the preceding zone due to the basophilic staining of the calcified cartilage. The chondrocytes die in this zone.

Back 33

Zone of calcification

Front 34

Osseous elements are present among the pieces of calcified cartilage

Back 34

Zone of cartilage removal and bone deposition

Front 35

About the time of birth, a ________ ___________ center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.

Back 35

Secondary ossification center

Front 36

The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the ___________ _____.

Back 36

Epiphyseal line

Front 37

The cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification canters is called the _________ ________, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone

Back 37

Epiphyseal plate

Front 38

The ______ _____ forms concurrently with the primary ossification center. Cells of the perichondrium begin to form bone. The _____ ____holds together the shaft, which has been weakened by the disintegration of the cartilage. The connective tissue about the ____ _____ , previously a perichondrium, is now called periosteum.

Back 38

Bone collar

Hint 38

All three of these blanks use the same two words.

Front 39

any of various natural steroids (as estradiol) that are formed from androgen precursors, that are secreted chiefly by the ovaries, placenta, adipose tissue, and testes, and that stimulate the development of female secondary sex characteristics and promote the growth and maintenance of the female reproductive system.

Back 39

Estrogen

Front 40

These are a class of natural and synthetic steroid hormones that promote cell growth and division, resulting in growth of muscle tissue and sometimes bone size and strength. Testosterone is the best known natural anabolic steroid, as well as the best known natural androgen.

Back 40

Anabolic steroids

Front 41

The presence of excess parathyroid hormone in the body resulting in disturbance of calcium metabolism with increase in serum calcium and decrease in inorganic phosphorus, loss of calcium from bone, and renal damage with frequent kidney-stone formation

Back 41

Hyperparathyroidism

Front 42

Deficiency of parathyroid hormone in the body ; also : the resultant abnormal state marked by low serum calcium and a tendency to chronic tetany

Back 42

Hypoparathyroidism

Front 43

A condition that affects especially older women and is characterized by decrease in bone mass with decreased density and enlargement of bone spaces producing porosity and brittleness

Back 43

Osteoporosis

Front 44

a male hormone that is a crystalline hydroxy steroid ketone produced primarily by the testes or made synthetically and that is the main androgen responsible for inducing and maintaining male secondary sex characteristics

Back 44

Testosterone

Front 45

PTH

Back 45

Parathyroid Hormone

Front 46

HRT

Back 46

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Front 47

A drug that is used for osteoporosis after menopause, that acts on estrogen receptors promoting bone mineralization and lipid metabolism, and that is believed to spare breast and uterine tissues the cancer-producing effects of estrogen since it acts as an estrogen antagonist in those tissues.

Back 47

Raloxifene

Front 48

ERT

Back 48

Estrogen

Front 49

scientific names for active vitamin D.

Back 49

Calcitriol

Front 50

electrical current will stimulate osteoblast activity

Back 50

Piezoelectric Effect

Front 51

Requirements for Bone Growth:

Back 51

Salts, Vitamines, and hormones.

Front 52

Name the 5 vitamines necessary for bone growth.

Back 52

A, K, B12, C and D

Front 53

The flat bones of the ____ form as intramembranous bones that develop from layers of connective tissue.

Back 53

Skull

Front 54

Most of the bones of the skeleton fall into this category.
They first develop as hyaline cartilage models and are then replaced with bone.

Back 54

Endochondral ossification