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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Biofilm
An irregular layer of microorganisms embedded in the slime they secrete and concentrated at a solid or liquid surface.
Cell Signaling
Mechanisms of communication between cells.
Neurons
A conducting cell of the nervous system that typically consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
Target Cell
A cell with receptors that bind to a hormone.
Reception
Process of detecting a stimulus.
Signal Transduction
A process in which a cell converts and amplifies an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that affects some function of the cell.
Paracrine Regulation
A type of regulation in which a signal molecule diffuses through interstitial fluid and acts on nearby target cells.
Growth factors
A group of more than 50 extracellular peptides that signal certain cells to grow and divide.
Histamine
Substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.
Prostaglandins
A group of local regulators derived from fatty acids; synthesized by most cells of the body and produce a wide variety of effects.
Nitric Oxide
A gaseous signaling molecule; a neurotransmitter.
Neurotransmitters
A chemical signal used by neurons to transmit impulses along a synapse.
Synapses
The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and effector.
Hormones
An organic chemical messenger in multicellular organisms that is produced in one part of the body and often transported to another where it signals cells to alter some aspect of metabolism.
Endocrine Glands
A gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood or tissue fluid instead of into ducts.
Receptors
A molecule on the surface of a cell or inside a cell that serves as a recognition or binding site for signaling molecules such as hormones, antibodies, or neurotransmitters.
Ligands
A signaling molecule that binds to a specific receptor.
Rhodopsin
A purple light sensitive pigment found in the rod cells of the vertebrate eye; a similar molecule is employed by certain bacteria in the capture of light energy to make ATP.
Phytochromes
A blue-green proteinaceous pigment involved in a wide variety a physiological responses to light; occurs in two interchangable forms.
Cryptochromes
A blue pigment that plays a role in biological rhythms.
Receptor Down-Regulation
The process by which some hormone receptors decrease in number, thereby suppressing the sensitivity of target cells to the hormone.
Receptor Up-Regulation
The process by which some hormone receptors increase in number, thereby increasing the sensitivity of target cells to the hormone.
Ion-Channel-Linked Receptors
Receptors that convert chemical signals into electrical signals; can serve as a channel.
Ligans-Gated Channels
The ion channel opens or closes in response to the binding of the signaling molecule.
Acetylcholine
A common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons.
G-Protein-Linked Receptors
Transmembrane proteins that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane seven times. Consists of seven transmembrane alpha helices.
G-Protein
One of a group of proteins that bind GTP and are involved in the transfer of signals across the plasma membrane.
Enzyme-Linked Receptors
Receptors that function directly as enzymes or linked to enzymes.
Tyrosine Kinases
An enzyme that phosphorylates the tyrosine part of proteins.
Brassinolide
Most active member of a group of plant steroids, which binds with a protein kinase receptor in the plasma membrane.
Ethylene
A gaseous plant hormone involved in various aspects of plant growth and development.
Intracellular Receptors
Receptors located inside the cell.
Transcription Receptors
Proteins that regulate the expression of specific genes.
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
A neurotransmitter that binds to a ligand-gated chloride ion channel in neurons.
Guanosine Triphosphate
An energy transfer molecule similar to ATP that releases free energy with the hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate group.
First Messenger
The signaling molecule, ligand, serves to relay information by way of the G protein to a second messenger.
Second Messenger
Ions or small molecules, often times cAMP, that relay signals inside the cell; can be produced in mass quantities.
Signaling Cascade
A chain of molecules in the cell that relays a signal.
Adenyl Cyclase
An enzyme on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
Protein Kinase A
An enzyme that belongs to a large group of protein kinase enzymes.
Calmodulin
An important Calcium bing protein; combines with a variety of enzymes and alters their activity.
Ras Proteins
A group of small G proteins that are active when bound to GTP; when activated trigger a cascade of reactions.
MAP kinases
Kinases that combine with other proteins to form a transcription factor.
Scaffolding Proteins
Organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes.
Integrins
Transmembrane proteins that connect the cell to the extracellar matrix.
Abscisic Acid
A plant hormone involved in the dormancy and responses to stress.
Signaling Amplification
The process of magnifying the strength of a signaling molecule.
Signal Termination
The return of the receptor and each of the components of the signal transduction pathway to their inactive sites.