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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biofilm
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An irregular layer of microorganisms embedded in the slime they secrete and concentrated at a solid or liquid surface.
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Cell Signaling
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Mechanisms of communication between cells.
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Neurons
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A conducting cell of the nervous system that typically consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.
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Target Cell
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A cell with receptors that bind to a hormone.
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Reception
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Process of detecting a stimulus.
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Signal Transduction
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A process in which a cell converts and amplifies an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that affects some function of the cell.
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Paracrine Regulation
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A type of regulation in which a signal molecule diffuses through interstitial fluid and acts on nearby target cells.
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Growth factors
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A group of more than 50 extracellular peptides that signal certain cells to grow and divide.
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Histamine
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Substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.
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Prostaglandins
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A group of local regulators derived from fatty acids; synthesized by most cells of the body and produce a wide variety of effects.
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Nitric Oxide
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A gaseous signaling molecule; a neurotransmitter.
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Neurotransmitters
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A chemical signal used by neurons to transmit impulses along a synapse.
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Synapses
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The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and effector.
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Hormones
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An organic chemical messenger in multicellular organisms that is produced in one part of the body and often transported to another where it signals cells to alter some aspect of metabolism.
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Endocrine Glands
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A gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood or tissue fluid instead of into ducts.
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Receptors
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A molecule on the surface of a cell or inside a cell that serves as a recognition or binding site for signaling molecules such as hormones, antibodies, or neurotransmitters.
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Ligands
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A signaling molecule that binds to a specific receptor.
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Rhodopsin
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A purple light sensitive pigment found in the rod cells of the vertebrate eye; a similar molecule is employed by certain bacteria in the capture of light energy to make ATP.
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Phytochromes
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A blue-green proteinaceous pigment involved in a wide variety a physiological responses to light; occurs in two interchangable forms.
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Cryptochromes
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A blue pigment that plays a role in biological rhythms.
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Receptor Down-Regulation
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The process by which some hormone receptors decrease in number, thereby suppressing the sensitivity of target cells to the hormone.
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Receptor Up-Regulation
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The process by which some hormone receptors increase in number, thereby increasing the sensitivity of target cells to the hormone.
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Ion-Channel-Linked Receptors
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Receptors that convert chemical signals into electrical signals; can serve as a channel.
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Ligans-Gated Channels
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The ion channel opens or closes in response to the binding of the signaling molecule.
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Acetylcholine
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A common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons.
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G-Protein-Linked Receptors
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Transmembrane proteins that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane seven times. Consists of seven transmembrane alpha helices.
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G-Protein
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One of a group of proteins that bind GTP and are involved in the transfer of signals across the plasma membrane.
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Enzyme-Linked Receptors
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Receptors that function directly as enzymes or linked to enzymes.
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Tyrosine Kinases
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An enzyme that phosphorylates the tyrosine part of proteins.
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Brassinolide
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Most active member of a group of plant steroids, which binds with a protein kinase receptor in the plasma membrane.
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Ethylene
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A gaseous plant hormone involved in various aspects of plant growth and development.
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Intracellular Receptors
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Receptors located inside the cell.
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Transcription Receptors
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Proteins that regulate the expression of specific genes.
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Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
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A neurotransmitter that binds to a ligand-gated chloride ion channel in neurons.
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Guanosine Triphosphate
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An energy transfer molecule similar to ATP that releases free energy with the hydrolysis of its terminal phosphate group.
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First Messenger
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The signaling molecule, ligand, serves to relay information by way of the G protein to a second messenger.
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Second Messenger
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Ions or small molecules, often times cAMP, that relay signals inside the cell; can be produced in mass quantities.
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Signaling Cascade
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A chain of molecules in the cell that relays a signal.
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Adenyl Cyclase
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An enzyme on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
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Protein Kinase A
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An enzyme that belongs to a large group of protein kinase enzymes.
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Calmodulin
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An important Calcium bing protein; combines with a variety of enzymes and alters their activity.
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Ras Proteins
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A group of small G proteins that are active when bound to GTP; when activated trigger a cascade of reactions.
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MAP kinases
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Kinases that combine with other proteins to form a transcription factor.
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Scaffolding Proteins
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Organize groups of intracellular signaling molecules into signaling complexes.
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Integrins
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Transmembrane proteins that connect the cell to the extracellar matrix.
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Abscisic Acid
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A plant hormone involved in the dormancy and responses to stress.
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Signaling Amplification
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The process of magnifying the strength of a signaling molecule.
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Signal Termination
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The return of the receptor and each of the components of the signal transduction pathway to their inactive sites.
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