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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exocrine gland
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Gland that secrets its product to an epithelial surface directly or through ducts
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Hormone
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Chemical signal produced by one set of cells that affects a different set of cells
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Pheromone
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Chemical signal released by an organism that affects the metabolism or influences the behavior of another individual of the same species
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Peptide hormone
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Type of hormone that is a protein, a peptide, or derived from an amino acid
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Steroid hormone
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Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone
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Hypothalamus
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Part of the brain located below the thalamus that helps regulate the internal environment of the body and produces releasing factors that control the anterior pituitary
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Pituitary gland
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Endocrine gland that lies just inferior to the hypothalamus; consists of the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
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Thyroid gland
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Endocrine gland in the neck that produces several important hormones, including thyroxine, triidothyronine, and calcitonin
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Parathyroid gland
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Gland embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; it produces parathyroid hormone
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Adrenal gland
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An endocrine gland that lies atop a kidney; consisting of the inner adrenal medulla and the outer adrenal cortex
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Endocrine gland
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Ductless organ that secretes hormones into the bloodstream
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Glucocorticoids
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Type of hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
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Mineralocorticoids
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Type of hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates water-salt balance, leading to increases in blood volume and blood pressure
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Pancreas
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Internal organ that produces digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon
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Insulin
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Hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers the blood glucose level by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells, and the conversion of glucose to glycogen by the liver and skeletal muscles
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Glucagon
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Hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the liver to break down glycogen and raises the blood glucose level
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Thymus gland
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Lymphatic organ, located along the trachea behind the sternum, involved in the maturation of T lymphocytes in the thymus gland. Secretes hormones called thymosins, which aid the maturation of T cells and perhaps stimulate immune cells in general
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Pineal gland
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Endocrine gland located in the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin
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The nervous and endocrine work together to regulate the activities of the other systems
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What two body systems work together to regulate the activities of the other systems?
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Chemical communication among cells. A hormone is a chemical signal produced by one set of cells that affects a different set of cells
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What kinds of chemical signals are used in biology? What is a hormone?
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Endocrine gland: Hormone sent into the blood. Ductless organ that secretes hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine gland: Product sent through duct to organ or outside of body. Gland that secrets its product to an epithelial surface directly or through ducts |
What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
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Type of hormone that is a protein, a peptide, or derived from an amino acid. They bind to receptors in the plasma membrane and never enter the cell
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What is peptide hormone? In general, how does a peptide hormone work?
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Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings; examples are cholesterol, progesterone, and testosterone. They pass through the plasma membrane and enter the nucleus of the target cell
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What is a steroid hormone? In general, how does a steroid hormone work?
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The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland
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What part of the brain controls the pituitary gland?
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The two hormones produced in the posterior pituitary gland are the antidiuretic, and oxytocin hormones
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What two hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary gland?
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If too little growth hormone, it affects the height of an individual. Plentiful growth hormone produces very tall basketball players. Too much growth hormone can lead to gigantism, while an insufficient amount results in limited stature and even pituitary dwarfism
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What happens to the body if there is too much growth hormone? Too little GH?
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If iodine is lacking in the diet, the thyroid gland is unable to produce the thyroid hormones. In response to constant stimulation by the anterior pituitary, the thyroid enlarges, resulting in a simple goiter
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Why does a person with an iodine-deficient diet develop a goiter?
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If the thyroid fails to develop property, a condition called congenital hypothyroidism (undersecretion) results; mental retardation, short stature, immaturity. In the case of hyperthyroidism (oversecretion), the gland is overactive, and a goiter forms. Eyes protrude due to edema and welling. The patient becomes nervous and irritable and suffers from insomnia
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What happens to the body if there is too much thyroid secretion? Too little?
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The parathyroid gland makes the PTH hormone, which causes the blood Ca2+ level to increase
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What do the parathyroid gland do?
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Stress of all types
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What response are the adrenal glands concerned with?
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Because it has exocrine tissue that produces and secretes digestive juices that go by way of ducts to the small intestines and endocrine tissue that produces and secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the blood
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Why is the pancreas considered to be both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?
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By secreting insulin when the blood glucose level is high, which usually occurs just after eating and by secreting glucagon between eating, when blood glucose level is low
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How do the hormones insulin and glucagon work to keep blood sugar level constant?
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Condition characterized by a high blood glucose level and the appearance of glucose in the urine, due to a deficiency of insulin production and failure of cells to take up glucose. The glucose tolerance test can detect a diabetic after a patient is given 100 grams of glucose, the blood glucose level rises greatly and remains elevated in the urine
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What is diabetes? How can a glucose tolerance test detect a diabetic?
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It secrets thymic hormones that makes it an endocrine gland
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What does the thymus gland do that makes it an endocrine gland?
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It is involved in the sleep/wake cycle and n sexual development
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What do we know about the pineal gland?
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Leptin is a hormone made by adipose tissue. If lack of this hormone, people become obese
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What hormone does adipose tissue produce? What happens if you lack this hormone?
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Barriers: skin, mucous membranes
Nonspecific internal defenses: Phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever Specific immune response: cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity |
What are the three general lines (levels) of defense against pathogens?
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Bacteria
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One of three domains of life; prokaryotic cells other than archaea with unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. They are single-celled prokaryotes, and they don't have nucleus.
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Viruses
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Noncellular, parasitic agent consisting of an outer capside and an inner core of nucleic acid. They are tiny particles. They caused colds, flu, measles, chicken pox, polio, rabies, AIDS, genital warts, and genital herpes
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Absorbs excess tissue fluid, fats in the small intestine, produces lymphocytes, defends the body against pathogens
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What are the basic functions of the lymphatic system?
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Red Bone Marrow: produces all types of blood cells
The Thymus gland: produces thymic hormones; matures T lymphocytes; it is critical to immunity The spleen: filters the blood; macrophages remove pathogens, old RBC's. The spleen is not essential to healthy life The lymph nodes: filters lymph; stores lymphocytes; stores macrophages |
What are the four major lymphatic organs? What does each one do in the body?
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When nonspecific defenses have failed to prevent an infection, specific defenses come into play. Specific defenses overcome an infection by doing away with the particular disease-causing agent that has entered the body. Specific defenses also protect us against cancer. The specific defenses can be likened to special forces that can attack selected targets without harming nearby residents (cells)
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How is specific defense different from nonspecific defense?
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The clonal selection model states that an antigen selects, then binds to the BCR of only one type B cell and then this B cell produces multiple copies of itself. The resulting group of identical cells is called a clone
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How do B cells (lymphocytes) act in antibody-mediated immunity?
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It is the cell-Mediated Immunity which is the action of T cells that directly attack diseased cells and cancer cells
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What type of immunity is associated with T cells (lymphocytes)?
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They are like paratroopers that carry rifles with bayonets. They can go behind the enemy lines and seek out a specific enemy for destruction. After a cytotoxic T cell binds to a virus-infected cell or tumor cell, it releases perforin molecules, which punch holes into the plasma membrane, forming a pore. T cells then deliver granzymes into the pore and these cause the cell to undergo apoptosis and die
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How do the different types of T cells (lymphocytes) act in cell-mediated immunity?
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Active immunity is often induced when a person is well so that future infection will not take place.
Passive immunity is when an individual is given prepared antibodies or immune cells to combat a disease |
What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
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Immune response to substances that usually are not recognized as foreign. They are studied in connection with the lymphatic system because they have to do with the immune system
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What are allergies? Why are they studied in connection with the lymphatic system?
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Because the recipient's immune system recognizes that the transplanted tissue is not "self". Cytotoxic T cells respond by attacking the cells of the transplanted tissue
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Why do some people reject the tissues or organs that are transplanted into them?
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Autoimmune disease: when you attack your own body cells
Immune deficiency: The immune system cannot protect the body |
What are some common disorder of the immune system?
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