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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryote bio |
Evolved approximately 3.5 bil years ago & were the only life forms on the planet for approx 1.5 billion years Most abundant organism on the planet found in almost all habitats Approx.5K species have been named w/ an estimated 1.5 billion species believed toexist. |
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Prokaryote Structure |
Nomembrane bound organelles. Have a single circular chromosome called a ‘geosphere’ located in the ‘nucleoid’region of the cell. Many Cells also have smaller pieces of ring-likeextrachromosomal DNA called ‘plasmids’ that can give these additionalcharacteristics |
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Extra bacteria features |
capsule - gelatinous coating aiding inadhesion to substrates endospore - tiny, thick-walled, identical dormant cell, resistant to unfavorable conditions. Pili/Pilus - long filamentous extensions to adhere a cell to its substrate and conjugation in somespecies. |
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3common cell shapes |
bacillus - rod/caplet coccus - spherical spirillum - helically coiled |
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2common colonial arrangements |
Staph - grape like Strep - chain like |
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Gram stain results |
G+ = purple G- = pink |
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Gram stainingprocedure |
Primary - c. violet - stains whole sample Mordant - iodine - binds stain to PGL Decolorize - ethanol - lipid solvent and protein desiccant Counter stain - safranin - stains any newly exposed PGL pink |
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Prokaryotes Motility |
1-Gliding on slimy strands 2-twisting of helically coiled cells 3-flagella |
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What is different in Prokaryote's flagella? |
-No ‘9+2’ arrangement -consists of a solid core of a protein called flagellin. -used in a propeller fashion |
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Taxis |
Movement toward (positive) or away from (negative) a stimulus |
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Prokaryotes Reproduction |
asexually by binary fission . |
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Prokaryotic Sourcesof Diversity |
Mutation - ultimate sources Transformation - ability of prokaryote cell to absorb & express extracellular DNA. Transduction - genetic diversity conferred by a viral infection. Conjugation - Genetic diversity conferred by the use of a pili. |
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Prokaryotes NutritionMode |
1)Photoautotrophs - use of light energy to perform carbon fixation (CF) 2) Chemautotrophs - use of energy from oxidation of inorganic molecules to perform CF 3) Photoheretrophs - use light energy ATP but cannot perfrom CF. 4) Chemoheterotroph - cannot use light energy or CF. |
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Nitrogen Fixation |
ability to convert molecular Nitrogen (N2) into a nitrogenous compound such as nitrite (No2-),nitrate (NO3-), ammonia (NH3) |
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MetabolicResponse to O2 |
Obligate Aerobes – must have O2 tosurvive
Facultative Aerobes – will use O2 if present but in its absence are capable of switching over to fermentation Obligate anaerobe – O2 is lethal |
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Ecological Importanceof Prokaryotes |
Decomposers Commercial Production Bioremediation – use of microbes to clean up waste Symbionts |
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Domain Archaea Taxonomy |
Prokaryotes that do not have PGL in their cell wall. Overall majority or extremophiles = thrive in environmental extremes. 1.Group Euryarchaeota 2.Group Crenarchaeota 3.Group Korarchaeta 4.Group Nanoarchaeota |
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Group Euryarchaeota |
Domain Archaea ●Includes the methanogens (swamps, GI), extreme halophiles (salty) and some thermophiles(extreme heat). |
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Group Crenarchaeota |
Domain Archaea ●Includethe majority of thermophiles |
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Group Korarchaeta |
Domain Archaea ● Recently discovered thermophile archeans. |
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Group Nanoarchaeota |
Domain Archaea ● Archeans less than .5 micrometer in diameter. |
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Domain Bacteria Taxonomy |
1.GroupProteobacteria 2. GroupChlamydias 3. GroupSpirochaetes 4. GroupCyanobacteria 5. Group Gram Positive Bacteria |
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Group Proteobacteria |
Domain Bacteria
Includes the ancestors to eurkaryotic mitochondria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria like 'Rhizobium',and pathogens that cause salmonella, cholera, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
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Group Chlamydias |
Domain Bacteria Existo nly as endosymbionts Many species are zoonotic Includes the organism responsible for the STD Chlamydia as well as those causing respiratory and eye infections. |
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Group Spirochaetes |
Domain Bacteria ● All members have a helically-coiled cells. ● Includes organisms responsible for lyme disease and syphilis. |
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Group Cyanobacteria |
Domain Bacteria aka Blue-Green algae (very slimy unlike true algae). ancestor of Eukaryotic chloroplasts also use phycoerythrin/phycocyanin |
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Group Gram Positive Bacteria |
Domain Bacteria ● all members test positive with a gram stain. ●Includes the organism responsible for the small of freshly-plowed earth. ● Also bacteria causing: Anthrax, botulism, TB,& leprosy |
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KingdomProtista history |
Extremely diverse Kingdom, containinganimal-like, plant-like, and fungal-like representatives. evolved approx. 2.0 billionyears ago and were the only eukaryotic organisms on the planet for at least 1.5billion years. Believed to have Originated(at least partly)through endosymbiosis in which larger prokaryotes phagocytized smallerprokaryotes |
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Kingdom Protista structure/ enviroment |
Maybe unicellular, colonial, or even simple multicellular sheets. Overallmajority are aquatic or restricted to moist environments. |
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Kingdom Protista Reproduction |
asexually by mitosis (a few by binary fission) and sexually by meiosis. |
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Kingdom Protista nutrition mode |
Maybe photoautotrophic, chemoheterotrophic or both “mixotrohphic” |
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Kingdom Protista locomotion |
Pseudopodia(false feet) – cytoplasmic extensions used for locomotion and feeding. Cilia– shorter and typically more numerous than flagella; used like boat oars Flagella– longer and less numerous; used in whip like fashion in “9+2” microtubule arrangement. |
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Protist taxonomy |
1. SupergroupExcavata 2. SupergroupChromalveolata 3. SupergroupRhizopia 4. SupergroupArchaeplastida 5. Supergroup Unikonta |
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1. SupergroupExcavata |
Many members have an elongated or “excavated” groove on one side of the cell and isused for feeding. -Group Diplomonadia (diplomonads) -Group Parabasala(trichomonads) -Group Euglenozoa (euglenoids) |
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Group Diplomonadia |
Supergroup Excavata aka (diplomonads) Havemodified mitochondria (mitosomes) that lack an ETS so are home anaerobic environments. Ex.Giardia lamblia – causes “giardiasis” or“backpackers diarrhea” |
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Group Parabasala |
Supergroup Excavata aka trichomonads Havemodified mitochondria called ”Hydrogenosomes” that lack an ETS Cellstypically use flagella together with an undulating membrane for locomotion. Ex.Trichomonas vaginalis – causes STD “trichomoniasis” |
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Group Euglenozoa |
Supergroup Excavata aka euglenoids Inaddition to the 9+2 microtubule arrangement, their flagella also have aspiral/crystalline rod.
-Subgroup Euglenophyta -Subgroup Kinetoplastida |
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Subgroup Euglenophyta |
Supergroup Excavata Group Euglenozoa Unicellular, Mixotrophic Cellhas an anterior pocket from which one or two flagella emerge Hasa red “eye spot” capable of distinguishing dark form light. Ex.Euglena |
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Subgroup Kinetoplastida |
Supergroup Excavata Group Euglenozoa Cellshave a “kinetoplast”- a single large mitochondria with an organized massof DNA Maybefree living or parasitic Ex.Trypanosoma – causes “sleeping sickness” |
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SupergroupChromalveolata |
Believedto have evolved over 1 billion years ago through secondary endosymbiosis inwhich an ancestor protest phagocytized a red algae. Grouop Alveolata (3 sub) Group Stramenopila (4 sub) |
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Group Alveolata |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Cellshave tiny membranous sacs called alveoli just under the surface of theplasma membrane. SubgroupDinoflagellida Subgroup Ciliata Subgroup Apicomplexa |
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SubgroupDinoflagellida |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Group Alveolata aka dinoflagellates Unicellular/colonial, Mixotrophic Cells are bi-flagellate w/ the flagella arranged perpendicular to each other and are recessed in flagellar grooves. Cellshave a species specific shape reinforced by internal plates of cellulose reproduce on a massive scale resulting as a bloom (red/brown) Theyare “bioluminescent” Some called “zooxanthellae”, form mutualistic symbiotic w/ cnidarians (corals) - gives corals brightercolors (pigments) Ex. Ceratium |
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Subgroup Ciliata
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Supergroup Chromalveolata Group Alveolata aka Ciliates unicellular , free-living, chemoheterotrophs Usecilia for locomotion. cilia may be localized or cover entire body Macronucleus(1)- controls everyday activities and asexual reproduction
Micronuclei(1-80) – necessary for sexual reproduction. Ex:Paramecium/Vorticella |
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Subgroup Apicomplexa |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Group Alveolata aka Sporozoans Noknown means of locomotion Allare parasitic and exist internally in hosts.
Havecomplex organelles at the apex of the cell that contains hydrolytic enzymes fordigesting host tissues. Ex. Plasmodium vivax - malaria |
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Group Stramenopila |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Cellsoften have a prominent hairy flagellum together w/ a shorter smooth flagellum. |
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SubgroupBacillariophyta |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Group Stramenopila aka diatoms Maybe unicellular or colonial Cell walls composed of silica and consist of 2 halves Allare photosynthetic and produce an estimated 40-80% of Earth’s oxygen Storeexcess energy as oil for buoyancy use infiltration systems, as polishes, and in toothpaste. |
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Subgroup Chrysophyta |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Group Stramenopila aka golden algae -Freshwater and marine -Cellsare bi-flagellate -Unicellular/colonial, Mixothrophic -Gettheir color from pigment Xanthophyll ----Capableof ‘blooms’ when conditions are right. |
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Subgroup Phaeophyta |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Group Stramenopila aka kelps -multicellular, primarily marine -Gettheir color from the pigment fucoxanthin-largest of the algae, grow to over 120 ft in length -features analogous to true plantso Blade, Stipe, Holdfast -Some produce pneumatocysts (air bladder) for buoyancy |
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Subgroup Oomycota |
Supergroup Chromalveolata Group Stramenopila aka egg fungi/ water mold Superficiallyresemble true fungi “hyphae” and “mycelium”. Thehyphae/mycelia increase surface area to support “saprotrophic”nutrition mode. Ex. Saprolegnia |
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SupergroupRhizopia |
Amoeboidprotists w/ thread like pseudopodia. Group Foraminifera Group Radiolaria |
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Group Foraminifera |
SupergroupRhizopia akaforams Havemulti-chambered, porous, (CaCo3) shells. Reticulopodia areextended through the pores for feeding and locomotion overall majority are sessile (attached to a substrate) |
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Group Radiolaria |
SupergroupRhizopia aka heliozoans /radiolazians Unicellular Havean endoskeleton composed of silica Have axopodia (long thin pseudopodia) radiatingoutward in all directions for feeding and buoyancy. |
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SupergroupArchaeplastida |
Evolved over 1billion years ago through primary endosymbiosis in which an ancestor protestphagocytized a cyanobacterium Group Chlorophyta GroupCharophyta GroupRhodophyta |
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Group Chlorophyta |
SupergroupArchaeplastida aka green algae Unicellular,colonial or simple multicellular sheets Getcolor pigment chlorophyll form mutualistic symbiotic w/ ascomycete (sac) fungiresulting in a lichen Ex. Spirogyra, Volvox, Ulva |
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GroupCharophyta |
SupergroupArchaeplastida aka stone warts -believed to have given rise to kingdom plantae -both charophytes & true plants have: *cellulose cell walls, *both chlorophyll a & b, *similar peroxisome & flagellated spermstructure *heterogamous/anisogamous gametes *form a phragmoplast (cell plate) duringcytokinesis |
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GroupRhodophyta |
SupergroupArchaeplastida aka red algae -Get their color from the pigment phycorythrin -All are multicellular andprimarily marine like brown algae but smaller -the deepest growing algae with some surviving at depths over 600 ft deep. -Some members incorporate (CaCO3) into their cell walls, giving them a stoney appearance and are commonlycalled coralline algae |
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Supergroup Unikonta |
Includes unikont (single flagellated) protists and/or those thatevolved from unikont ancestors. Group Amoebozoa (4 subs) GroupOpisthokonta (2subs) |
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Group Amoebozoa |
Supergroup Unikonta |
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SubgroupGymnamoeba |
Supergroup Unikonta Group Amoebozoa Free living amoebid protists living in freshwater andmarine aquatic enviroments or most soil Ex. Amoeba proteus |
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SubgroupEntamoeba |
Supergroup Unikonta Group Amoebozoa Parasite amoeba living in the tissue ofinvertebrate and vertebrate animals Ex. Entamoeba histolytica = causes Amoebicdysentery |
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SubgroupMyxomycota |
Supergroup Unikonta Group Amoebozoa aka plasmodial slime molds -Superficially -true fungi because saprotrophic and produce spores. -Prominent (feeding/vegetative) stage in the lifecycle exists as a coenocytic (multinucleated) mass of cytoplasm called aplasmodium When conditions are unfavorable the plasmodiumcan form sporangia that produce geneticallydifferent haploid spores by meiosis Ex. Physarum |
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Subgroup Dictyostelida |
Supergroup Unikonta Group Amoebozoa aka cellular slime molds -Resemble true fungi saprotrophic andspore production -Prominent stage of life cycle as individualamoeboid cells that may aggregate to form a pseudoplasmidium -When conditions are favorable, thepsuedoplasmidium may form sporangia and produce genetically identical haploidspores by mitosis |
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GroupOpisthokonta |
Supergroup Unikonta Includes all opisthokont (rear flagellated)protists and/or those that evolved from opisthokont ancestors. |
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SubgroupNucleariida |
Supergroup Unikonta GroupOpisthokonta aka nucleariids -Have filose (narrow and tapering)pseudopodia-Have mitochondria with discoid cristae(individual discs) -Believed to have given rise to kingdom fungi |
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SubgroupChoanoflagellida |
Supergroup Unikonta GroupOpisthokonta aka choanoflagellida / collared -Cells have a membranous collar surrounding thesingle flagellum that used to extract organic material suspended in the watercolumn. -Believed to have given rise to kingdom Animalia. |
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Mesophytic dycot leaf |
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Hydrophytic Leac |
