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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Ecology?
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study of inter-relationship between organisms and their environment, abiotic & biotic
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What is oikos?
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home
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What is logy?
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study of
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What is the Father of ecology?
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Charles Darwin
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What are the levels of study of ecology?
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Population
Community Ecosystem Landscape Biosphere |
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What is a population?
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Group of individuals of the same species, inhabiting the same place at the same time
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What is a community?
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Group of individuals of different species, inhabiting same place, same place, same time
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What is an Ecosystem?
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The community plus abiotic factors that make up an area
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What is a landscape?
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pattern of ecosystem distributed over a large area
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What is a biosphere?
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part of the earth that sustains life
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What regulates population size?
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Density
Dispersion Geographical Range |
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What is density?
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number of individuals/unit area
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What are dispersion patterns?
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Uniform
Clumped Random |
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What is Uniform dispersion pattern?
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equally spaced
most rare in nature b/c resources are not equally spaced |
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What is clumped dispersion pattern?
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most common since resources are clumped
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What is random dispersion?
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your likely not to find someone just as easily as your not find someone
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What is geographical range?
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ANSWER here
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What is endemic?
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found only in a specific location
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What is native?
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originally from an area
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What is invasive?
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Introduced(alien) species not native, brought via humans
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What is R?
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intrinsic rate of population growth
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What is the equation of R?
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=# of births - # of deaths
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What equation causes the environmental resistance?
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K-N/K
logistic growth |
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What is Nr equal to?
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approximately 1
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What is result of Allee Effect?
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don't get maximum growth due to inability of individuals to find ea. other(may need social interaction)
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What is carrying capacity?
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Ea. population in ea. habitat can reach a certain number.
---# of ind. of a particular species that are maintained in a healthy state in healthy environment for a period of time |
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What is environmental resistance?
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-the carrying capacity
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What are the limiting factors of environmental resistance?
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Biotic, & Abiotic
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What is Abiotic?
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Sunlight, Temperature, Soil Nutrients, water availability, shelters
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What is Biotic?
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Pathogens, Predators, food availability
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What are the two types of selection for species?
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K or R
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What are R selected species?
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newly colonized or ephemeral(temporary) few species
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What are the traits of R selected species?
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Early Age at 1st Reproduction
One or Few reproductive episodes/lifetime Short generation time Many offspring/reproductive episode Small Poor Competitors Short Lived Little or no parental care |
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What are the traits of K selected species?
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Long lived environments that are stable
Life history traits that maximize long-term survival |
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What are the strategies for long term survival for K selected?
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Late age at first reproduction
Many reproductive episodes/lifetime Long generation time Few offpspring/repro episode Large Good competitors Long-lived Parental Care |
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What molds life history characteristics?
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Natural Selection, therefore they can change(evolve)
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What is the life history table?
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Summary of events in the life of a population mortality, longetivity, ratality, growth rate
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What are the types of cohorts?
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Type 1, 2, 3
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What is Type 1?
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Humans
means your good until you are old |
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What is Type 2?
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You are constantly dying
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What is Type 3?
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High infant mortality rate then they are good
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What is the age structure diagram?
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tells the proportion of each sex in a population and each age group
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What are the 3 classic shapes of age structure diagram?
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Bottom heavy, top heavy, stable
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What regulates population growth?
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Density-Independent & Density-Dependent Factors
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What are Density Independent Factors?
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those whose magnitude tent to be Abiotic
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What are Density-Dependent Factors?
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tend to be biotic
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What are the concerns of ecosystem ecologist?
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Energy & Nutrient Flow through ecosystems
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What is a Terrestial Ecosytem?
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Biome
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What is an Aquatic Ecosystem?
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Fresh water and marine
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What is 60% of the surface of our land?
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Oceans
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What is a Biome?
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Vegetative Association
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Where are Biomes located?
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on the surfaces of the planets based on temperature and precipitation
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How does energy flow through ecosystem?
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Unidirectionally
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What is the ultimate source of energy for life?
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Sun, 99% of energy given by sun is reflected back out
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How much of the sun's energy that reaches us is used?
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1% of incident energy
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How is the energy of the sun captured?
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Photoautotrophs
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What are photoautotrophs?
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Plants, cynobacteria, photosynthetic algae
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What is the capture of energy by photoautotrophs called?
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Primary Productivity
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What does total represent?
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The rate of photosynthesis in a given community
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What does net represent?
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Photosynthesis minus Respiration(P-R)
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How is the net measured?
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By the amount of matter that is present
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What is the excess converted to?
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Biomass or measure the mass by measuring the biomass
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What is biomass?
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total mass of organisms at a level of interest
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What are the nutritional categories?
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Heterotrophs, Autotrophs, Producers, Consumers
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What types of heterotrophs are there?
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Chemoheterotroph
Photoheterotroph |
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What types of autotrophs are there?
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Chemoautotrophs
Photoautotrophs |
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What is a heterotroph?
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must ingest premade organic compounds
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What is the Energy & Carbon source of Chemoheterotrophs?
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Energy: Organic Compounds
Carbon: Organic Compounds |
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What is the Energy & Carbon source of Photoheterotrophs?
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RARE
Energy source: Light Carbon: Organic Compounds |
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What are autotrophs?
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can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic compounds
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What is the Energy & Carbon source of Chemoautotrophs?
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Energy: Molecules(Hydrogen sulfide)
Carbon: CO2 |
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What is the Energy & Carbon source of Photoautotrophs?
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Energy:Light
Carbon:CO2 |
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What are producers?
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make life possible for everything else.
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What are primary consumers?
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Level that eats producers, usually Herbivores
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What are secondary consumers?
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Eat the Carnivores
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What are tertiary consumers?
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Also Carnivores
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What is ecological efficiency?
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the average in most terrestial ecosystems is 10%
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What do most ecosystems have?
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only Tertiary consumers since there is a loss of energy each time
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What is the equation for ecological efficiency?
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Kcal/m2/time
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What is a food web?
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The sum total of all food chains in an ecosystem
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What is a Detritivore?
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feeds at all levels(decomposers)
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What is an example of a Detrivore?
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Bacteria
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How is a detrivore more stable?
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More links to other sources
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How does nutrients flow?
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Cycled through ecosystem...NOT unidirectional
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What are biogeochemical cycles?
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Global & Local
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What are global cycles?
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cycled throughout the planet, usually a gas
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What is a local cycle?
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usually not a gas
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What are examples of Global & Local cycles?
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Global: Water, Carbon
Local: Phosphorus |
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What are the nutrient cycles?
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Water, Nitrogen gas, Carbon Dioxide, Phosphorus
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What does water cycle consist of?
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Reservoir: Oceans
Evotranspiration Precipitation Run-off |
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What does Nitrogen Gas cycle consist of?
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-Essential Nutrient
-No animal can break the triple bonds w/i to break N2 down -All beans have in their roots |
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What percentage of atmosphere is N2?
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78%
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What is the transfer of N2? What is it called? How is it transferred?
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to Ammonia(N2-NH3) called Nitrogen Fixation, transferred by Bacteria
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What is the process of Nitrogen Fixation?
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NH3--->NH4+--->Nitrates--->Nitrites--->N2
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What is the process called that Nitrites converted to N2?
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Denitrification
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What contains nitrogen fixing bacteria?
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All beans have in their roots
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What is the name of the bacteria that fix Nitrogen?
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Ryziomia
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What are the components of Carbon Dioxide?
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-Global
-Respiration gives us |
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How is CO2 reservoir?
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Limestone plants
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What gives us CO2?
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Respiration, and burning of fossil fuels
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How is CO2 taken up?
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Photosynthesis
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How is CO2 incorporated?
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as Calcium Carbonate in limestone(most of worlds in limestone)
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What is green housegases?
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-CO2
-gases that are present in the atmosphere that makes our planet act like a greenhouse. |
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What causes global warming?
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H2S, Methane, CO2
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What is the Phosphorus Resovoir?
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-LOCAL
-Ores(weathering rock, take up phosphorus, animals eat plants) |
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What is a community?
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A group of individuals of different species that inhabit the same place and the same time
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What is a closed community?
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Tightly interwoven, interactive group of species which were interdependent, Environmental gradient, Stability w/i numbers
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What is an open community?
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Species are not interdependent, found together because they were adopted to similar environmental conditions
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What are the community interactions?
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+, -, 0
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What does + represent?
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Benefits
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What does - represent?
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Harmed
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What does 0 mean?
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Neutral
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What is intraspecific?
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competition within the same species
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What is interspecific?
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competition between species
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Which competition is most intense?
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Intraspecific
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What is needed for competition to occur?
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1. Overlapping resource use(niche)
2. Resource for competition must be limiting, the Fitness of each interactor is reduced |
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What is the fundamental niche?
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the niche in the absence of competitors
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What is the realized niche?
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the Niche in the prescence of competitors
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What was the contributor to community structure?
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Interspecific competition
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What is a contest?
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direct interaction (a fight)
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What is a scramble?
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1st come, 1st serve
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What is a niche?
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way of making a living
-all of those conditions under which member of a population can live and reproduce |
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What is a gause?
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no two species can occupy the same niche
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What is diurnal?
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active in the day
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What is nocturnal?
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Active at night
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What is crepuscular?
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Active at dawn and dusk
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What are the 3 possible outcomes?
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-1 species goes extinct
-Both species co-exist -Both species go extinct |
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What is an ecomorph?
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Species of particular sizes and morphology that inhabits a particular part of the environment
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What are the possibilities of predation?
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Positive or Negative
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What is a predator?
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+ predation, tends to be larger and stronger than the prey
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What is prey?
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- predation, Faster, Hide, Crypsis, Aposematism, Mimicry.
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What is Crypsis?
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Camoflauge
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What is Aposematism?
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warning with Coloration
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What is Mimicry?
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one species looks like another to gain advantage
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What is Batesian Mimicry?
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A palatable(harmless) species mimics an unpalatable(toxic) species. Can be protean(chg into something else)
-Usually sympatric -Predator learns and remembers -Model has to be more common than mimic |
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What is Mullerian mimicry?
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two or more unpalatable species are similar to each other.
-More efficient if there is only one pattern to learn -Selection favors conversion on one pattern |
