Bio 2 Exam 4 Terms

Front 1

any observable activity of a living organism

Back 1

behavior

Front 2

how organisms make 'decisions' that influence their survival and reproductive success

Back 2

what ecological studies of behavior focus on

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-not conscious
-influence survival and reproductive success
-molded by natural selection

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behavioral 'decisions'

Front 4

instinctive and learned

Back 4

2 types of behavior

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performed w/o being learned, triggered by simple sign stimuli, fixed-action pattern

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instinctive behavior

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response, stereotype motor program

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fixed-action pattern

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what triggers the action

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sign stimuli

Front 8

responses change with experience

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learned behavior

Front 9

imprinting, spatial learning, insight learning, habituation

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categories of learned behavior

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time-dependent, triggered by exposure to sign stimulus during a sensitive period

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imprinting

Front 11

response becomes associated witha novel stimulus

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classical conditioning

Front 12

voluntary action becomes associated with its consequences

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operant conditioning

Front 13

individual learns not to respond to a stimulus that has neither good nor bad consequences

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habituation

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cognitive map created through experience

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spatial learning

Front 15

animal solves a problem without trial-and-error attempts at a solution

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insight learning

Front 16

energetic costs, risk costs, opportunity costs

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what tradeoffs organisms must balance when choosing what to eat

Front 17

carbon gain, nutrients/vitamins, safety

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what an organism may choose to optimize

Front 18

reduced predation by improved detection or repulsion, improved foraging efficiency, improved territoriality against other groups, improved care of offspring

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advantages of social systems

Front 19

increased competition w/i group for food, mates, and nesting, increased risk of infection, increased exploitation of parental care, increased risk of killed offspring

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disadvantages of social systems

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benefits recipient and performer

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cooperative

Front 21

costs the recipient, benefits the performer

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selfish

Front 22

benefits the recipient, costs the performer

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altruistic

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costs the recipient, costs the performer

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spiteful

Front 24

sacrifice their reproductive success to help others

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altruistic behavior

Front 25

benefits of increasing a relative's reproductive success are greater than the cost of decreasing the altruist's own reproductive success

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kin selection

Front 26

altruists pass on genes indirectly by helping relatives who have copies of those genes to survive and reproduce

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theory of indirect selection

Front 27

total effect of any act must include its effect on your reproductive success and its effect on your kin and their reproductive value

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concept of inclusive fitness

Front 28

probability of possessing an allele by common descent

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coefficient of relatedness, r

Front 29

personal fitness + kinship component =

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inclusive fitness

Front 30

r X number of surviving offspring =

Back 30

personal fitness

Front 31

costs the recipient, benefits the performer

Back 31

selfish

Front 32

benefits the recipient, costs the performer

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altruistic

Front 33

costs the recipient, costs the performer

Back 33

spiteful

Front 34

sacrifice their reproductive success to help others

Back 34

altruistic behavior

Front 35

benefits of increasing a relative's reproductive success are greater than the cost of decreasing the altruist's own reproductive success

Back 35

kin selection

Front 36

altruists pass on genes indirectly by helping relatives who have copies of those genes to survive and reproduce

Back 36

theory of indirect selection

Front 37

total effect of any act must include its effect on your reproductive success and its effect on your kin and their reproductive value

Back 37

concept of inclusive fitness

Front 38

probability of possessing an allele by common descent

Back 38

coefficient of relatedness, r

Front 39

personal fitness + kinship component =

Back 39

inclusive fitness

Front 40

r X number of surviving offspring =

Back 40

personal fitness

Front 41

certain behaviors that are normally directed toward relatives may sometimes be directed toward nonrelatives, the redirected behavior is...

Back 41

nonadaptive

Front 42

one male, one female

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monagamy

Front 43

one male, many females

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polygyny

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one female, many males

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polyandry

Front 45

males spread gametes indiscriminately

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promiscuous

Front 46

where there is large variation in territory quality

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when polygyny is favored

Front 47

social mating system where individuals give up mating to support reproduction of group

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eusociality

Front 48

in eusociality, adults, parent and offspring...

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live together in groups

Front 49

in eusociality, there is cooperation in ... and ...

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nest building and brood care

Front 50

in eusociality, individuals may be ...

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sterile

Front 51

in eusociality, males are ...

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haploid

Front 52

in eusociality, females are ...

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diploid

Front 53

study of births, deaths, and the dynamic forces which regulate the number of individuals in a population

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population ecology

Front 54

clumped, random, spaced

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types of spatial patterns

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may indicate competing individuals

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spaced

Front 56

may indicate social patterns or resource distribution

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clumped

Front 57

geometric and exponential

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types of population growth models

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used where there is a discrete breeding season

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geometric

Front 59

used when populations are growing continuously

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exponential

Front 60

contributoin of each individual to population growth X number of individuals in population =

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rate of change in population size

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N(t) = N(0) X ert

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exponential growth model

Front 62

r is positive

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population grows

Front 63

r is zero

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population stays the same

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r is negative

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population shrinks

Front 65

-used for determining changes in population size
-summarizes age-specific data on survival and fecundity
-often include only females

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life tables

Front 66

timetable of individual organisms life

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life histories

Front 67

number of reproductive events

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parity

Front 68

number of offspring per event

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fecundity

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timetable is modified by ...

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environment

Front 70

peak amount of births in the sheep population were at ...

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middle age

Front 71

follows a single group of similarly aged organisms through life

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cohort life table

Front 72

requires age of all individuals in a population to estimate survivorship

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static life table

Front 73

rate when N is close to 0 X # of individuals in pop. (N) X reduction in rate due to crowding =

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pop. growth rate (r)

Front 74

carrying capacity, defined by environment

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K

Front 75

r = r0 X (1-N/K)

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logistic growth model

Front 76

stops at carrying capacity

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logistic population growth model

Front 77

effects that increase with crowding

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density dependent factors

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factors that maintain population size close to carrying capacity

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starvation, disease, places to live

Front 79

makes the logistic model true

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density dependent factors

Front 80

the rule for natural populations, often have period cycles

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fluctuations

Front 81

a fluctuating population cycle that tens to be irregular in occurrence

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temporal variation in the environment

Front 82

a fluctuating population cycle that depends on birth rate, survival rates, and other life history characteristics

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time delays in response of population

Front 83

temporal variation in environment and time delays in response of population

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2 kinds of fluctuating population cycles

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assemblage of coexisting organisms

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biological community

Front 85

close association between species regulates distribution of whole community

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closed community

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species are distributed independently to one another, regulated by environmental conditions

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open community

Front 87

species evolve based on another species that is out there

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coevolution

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organization in an open community

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individualistic

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organization in a closed community

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holistic

Front 90

boundaries in an open community

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diffuse

Front 91

boundaries in a closed community

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distinct

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species range in an open community

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independent

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species range in a closed community

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coincident

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coevolution in an open community

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uncommon

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coevolution in a closed community

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prominent

Front 96

ecologists believe most in ... communities

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open

Front 97

competition, predation, herbivory, mutualism, disease

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types of community interactions

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-/-

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competition

Front 99

any use or defense of a resource by an individual that decreases the resource availability to others

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competition

Front 100

competition within a species

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intraspecific

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competition among species

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interspecific

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food, water, nutrients, and space

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resources needed for growth and reproduction

Front 103

any factor consumed by an organism and supports increased population growth rates

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resource

Front 104

where competition is most for a single resource is most intense

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limiting factor

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two species cannot coexist indefinitely on the same limiting resource

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competitive exclusion principle

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coexistence of species is more common in ...

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natural systems

Front 107

resources are ... so that there is little ... competition for the same resource

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partitioned ... direct

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(+/-)

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Predation, Herbivory, Disease

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competition outcome can be influenced by ...

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predators

Front 110

predators and species ...

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coexist

Front 111

(+/+)

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Mutualism

Front 112

both organisms are positively affected

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mutualism

Front 113

where the two organisms live together

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symbiosis

Front 114

assemblage of coexisting organsims

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biological community

Front 115

describe number and abundance of species

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community ecologists

Front 116

total number of species

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species richness

Front 117

proportion of each species

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relative abundance

Front 118

more species and more equal abundance

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more diversity