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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
neural crest
embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
chordate evolution
led to VERTEBRATES due to the innovation of a flexible rod to which muscles are attached leading to lateral back movement
chordates
all share, at one time or another, a nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a postanal tail

in addition to these characteristics, all craniates have a cranium and neural crest
a vertebral column and a distinctive head or skull and are different from other chordates in having a neural crest, internal organs, a heart and closed circulatory system, and an endoskeleton made of bone

the neural crest consists of embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
vertebrates share
shared characteristic for ostracoderms and lampreys
both jawless
sharks and bony fish
evolved during early Devonian period
Bony fish were successful due to adaptations that included what?
Bony fish were successful due to adaptations that included swim bladders, gill covers, lateral line systems, and a counter-current exchange system in gills
Chondrichthyans (SHARKS)
internal fertilization, FIRST vertebrates to develop TEETH, buoyancy maintained by oil filled liver, color blind, teeth modified scales
viviparous vs/ovovivparous
viviparous is life birth with development IN a PLACENTA, and ovovivparous is eggs that hatch inside the mother for live birth, but NO PLACENTA
operculum
hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head of most bony fish
a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water
lateral line
vertebrate jaws
developed from third pharyngeal arch of jawless fishes
buccal pumping
see in amphibians ; involves pumping air into the lungs by raising the floor of the throat
metamorphosis
changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog
species richness in vertebrate groups
most rich: fish-->birds-->reptiles-->amphibians-->mammals
amphibians
traditionally, they were thought to have evolved from lobe-finned fish; but now molecular data seems to support LUNGFISH as ANCESTOR; all have legs, cutaneous respiration and lungs, partially divided 3 chambered heart, and pulmonary veins; their reproduction depends on water
adaptations for survival on land included evolution of amniotic egg, dry skin and concentrated urine that resists water loss, thoracic breathing, and reoriented appendages; all ectotherms, they use behavior mechanisms to maintain internal body temperature
reptiles
contains a shell (porous, protective covering); chorion (exchange of respiratory gases; retention of water ); amnion (encloses embryo within an fluid-filled cavity), yolk sac (provides food for the embryo), and allantois (segregates nitrogenous wastes from embryo)
amniotic egg
AMNIOTIC EGG; yolk sac
provides food for the embryo
AMNIOTIC EGG; allantois
segregates nitrogenous wastes from embryo
In amniotic egg what is
chorion
amnion
chorion (exchange of respiratory gases; retention of water ); amnion (encloses embryo within an fluid-filled cavity)
Class Testudines (turtles and tortoises)
have a hard shell and are lacking teeth
alligator & crocodiles
support for nearest living relatives of crocodiles to be birds because they build nests and protect and raise young and have a 4 chambered heart; but birds are different from reptiles in their features of endothermy, lack of teeth, presence of feathers and a flight skeleton
organism that uses heat from outside source (usually sun) in conjunction with behavioral mechanisms to maintain body temperature
ectotherm
Consider: This characteristic allows a reptile to use less than 10% of the calories required by equal size endotherm.
endotherm WARM-BLOODED
organism that can regulate their body temperature WITHIN close limits by using metabolism to generate body heat
birds
differ from all other living vertebrates in their presence of feathers and flight skeleton
epidermal placodes
epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as FEATHERS AND HAIR
what is needed for flight? what do Air sacs promote?
Flight necessitated efficient respiration and circulation, feathers, endothermy, and hollow bones plus auxiliary air sacs. Air sacs promote CONTINUOUS flow of air through the lungs thereby enhancing metabolism by making oxygen more readily available.
therapsids (DINOSAURS)
thought to be ancestors to mammals
share traits with other living vertebrates except for hair; mammal specializations include warm-blood, placenta in most, specialized digestive tract, increase in brain size, and specialized teeth for diet
mammals
hair
hair acts as insulation, camouflage, protection, defense, and increase sensory perception
different from other mammals in their laying of shelled eggs, restriction to Australia & New Guinea, lacking a placenta, and having poorly developed nipples
monotremes (PLATYPUS)
opossum
only North American marsupial
masupium
marsupial sac where embryo develops and continues to grow....this structure distinguishes the marsupials
Eustachian tube
formed from one pair of PHARYNGEAL POUCHES in humans
family Hominidae (hominoids)
includes orangutans, humans, chimps, gibbons, and gorillas
Homo habilis
handy man
Homo sapiens
showed up less than 200,000 years ago; the immediate ancestor was probably australopithecines
replaced European Neanderthals; share the greatest similarities with modern humans
Cro-Magnons
primates
have grasping fingers and toes with OPPOSABLE THUMBS, belong to order with lemurs, monkeys, and apes, binocular vision giving visual acuity, and increased brain size; they had their origin in small, arboreal, insect-eating mammals
Consider:
Humans began to diverge from other primates around 6 mya. BIPEDALISM was an adaptation as earth cooled and forests changed into grassy landscapes and seems to have marked the beginning of hominids.
involved anatomy changes including a vertebral column with a more pronounced curve, spinal cord exiting from the bottom of the skull instead of the back of the skull, a broader pelvis and changes in the proportions of the hip, knee and foot;

advantages that would lead to this adaptation are it requires less energy than walking on 4 legs, frees the hands for carrying food, increases access to food, and allows better surveillance for predators
bipedal locomotion
mostly diurnal, changes in eye design and increased brain size, groups with complex interactions, include monkeys, apes, and humans; two noticeable differences between apes and monkeys is that apes have larger brains and monkeys may have tails
Anthropoids
prosimians(LEMURS,BUSH BABIES,TARSIERS)
small, big-eyed primates, live in trees with long balancing tails, only two lineages survive today, nocturnal
new world monkeys
spreading noses, tails can grasp objects, evolved in South American isolation, all aboreal
hominoids
include apes and humans
The neural crest consists of:
A. embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
B. embryonic cells that form the kidney
C. clusters of Hox genes
D. cells that form hair follicles
E. cells that lie along the crest of the spine
A. embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
The lateral line is:
A. a lateral stripe on the side of male fish that aids in sex-recognition
B. a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water
C. the row of fins along the sides of eels
D. the row of pharyngeal slits along each side of the heads of fish
E. the row of small blocks of cartilage along each side of the notochord of agnathan fishes
B. a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water
Reptiles are better adapted to life on land than are amphibians. Which of the following statements best describes their advantage?
A. Reptiles have an egg with an amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, and shell.
B. Reptiles have a skin that resists loss of water by evaporation.
C. Reptiles breathe by expanding the rib cage.
D. Reptiles have the ability to concentrate urine.
E. All the other choices provided are correct.
E. All the other choices provided are correct.
Epidermal placodes are:
A. epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as feathers and hair
B. epidermal thickenings that give rise to the lateral line system
C. epidermal thickenings that lead to the formation of mesoderm
D. epidermal thickenings that give rise to skin glands
E. none of the choices provided
A. epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as feathers and hair