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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
neural crest
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embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
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chordate evolution
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led to VERTEBRATES due to the innovation of a flexible rod to which muscles are attached leading to lateral back movement
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chordates
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all share, at one time or another, a nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal slits, a postanal tail
in addition to these characteristics, all craniates have a cranium and neural crest |
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a vertebral column and a distinctive head or skull and are different from other chordates in having a neural crest, internal organs, a heart and closed circulatory system, and an endoskeleton made of bone
the neural crest consists of embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube |
vertebrates share
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shared characteristic for ostracoderms and lampreys
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both jawless
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sharks and bony fish
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evolved during early Devonian period
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Bony fish were successful due to adaptations that included what?
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Bony fish were successful due to adaptations that included swim bladders, gill covers, lateral line systems, and a counter-current exchange system in gills
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Chondrichthyans (SHARKS)
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internal fertilization, FIRST vertebrates to develop TEETH, buoyancy maintained by oil filled liver, color blind, teeth modified scales
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viviparous vs/ovovivparous
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viviparous is life birth with development IN a PLACENTA, and ovovivparous is eggs that hatch inside the mother for live birth, but NO PLACENTA
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operculum
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hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head of most bony fish
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a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water
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lateral line
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vertebrate jaws
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developed from third pharyngeal arch of jawless fishes
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buccal pumping
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see in amphibians ; involves pumping air into the lungs by raising the floor of the throat
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metamorphosis
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changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog
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species richness in vertebrate groups
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most rich: fish-->birds-->reptiles-->amphibians-->mammals
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amphibians
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traditionally, they were thought to have evolved from lobe-finned fish; but now molecular data seems to support LUNGFISH as ANCESTOR; all have legs, cutaneous respiration and lungs, partially divided 3 chambered heart, and pulmonary veins; their reproduction depends on water
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adaptations for survival on land included evolution of amniotic egg, dry skin and concentrated urine that resists water loss, thoracic breathing, and reoriented appendages; all ectotherms, they use behavior mechanisms to maintain internal body temperature
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reptiles
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contains a shell (porous, protective covering); chorion (exchange of respiratory gases; retention of water ); amnion (encloses embryo within an fluid-filled cavity), yolk sac (provides food for the embryo), and allantois (segregates nitrogenous wastes from embryo)
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amniotic egg
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AMNIOTIC EGG; yolk sac
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provides food for the embryo
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AMNIOTIC EGG; allantois
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segregates nitrogenous wastes from embryo
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In amniotic egg what is
chorion amnion |
chorion (exchange of respiratory gases; retention of water ); amnion (encloses embryo within an fluid-filled cavity)
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Class Testudines (turtles and tortoises)
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have a hard shell and are lacking teeth
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alligator & crocodiles
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support for nearest living relatives of crocodiles to be birds because they build nests and protect and raise young and have a 4 chambered heart; but birds are different from reptiles in their features of endothermy, lack of teeth, presence of feathers and a flight skeleton
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organism that uses heat from outside source (usually sun) in conjunction with behavioral mechanisms to maintain body temperature
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ectotherm
Consider: This characteristic allows a reptile to use less than 10% of the calories required by equal size endotherm. |
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endotherm WARM-BLOODED
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organism that can regulate their body temperature WITHIN close limits by using metabolism to generate body heat
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birds
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differ from all other living vertebrates in their presence of feathers and flight skeleton
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epidermal placodes
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epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as FEATHERS AND HAIR
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what is needed for flight? what do Air sacs promote?
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Flight necessitated efficient respiration and circulation, feathers, endothermy, and hollow bones plus auxiliary air sacs. Air sacs promote CONTINUOUS flow of air through the lungs thereby enhancing metabolism by making oxygen more readily available.
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therapsids (DINOSAURS)
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thought to be ancestors to mammals
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share traits with other living vertebrates except for hair; mammal specializations include warm-blood, placenta in most, specialized digestive tract, increase in brain size, and specialized teeth for diet
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mammals
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hair
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hair acts as insulation, camouflage, protection, defense, and increase sensory perception
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different from other mammals in their laying of shelled eggs, restriction to Australia & New Guinea, lacking a placenta, and having poorly developed nipples
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monotremes (PLATYPUS)
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opossum
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only North American marsupial
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masupium
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marsupial sac where embryo develops and continues to grow....this structure distinguishes the marsupials
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Eustachian tube
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formed from one pair of PHARYNGEAL POUCHES in humans
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family Hominidae (hominoids)
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includes orangutans, humans, chimps, gibbons, and gorillas
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Homo habilis
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handy man
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Homo sapiens
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showed up less than 200,000 years ago; the immediate ancestor was probably australopithecines
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replaced European Neanderthals; share the greatest similarities with modern humans
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Cro-Magnons
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primates
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have grasping fingers and toes with OPPOSABLE THUMBS, belong to order with lemurs, monkeys, and apes, binocular vision giving visual acuity, and increased brain size; they had their origin in small, arboreal, insect-eating mammals
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Consider:
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Humans began to diverge from other primates around 6 mya. BIPEDALISM was an adaptation as earth cooled and forests changed into grassy landscapes and seems to have marked the beginning of hominids.
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involved anatomy changes including a vertebral column with a more pronounced curve, spinal cord exiting from the bottom of the skull instead of the back of the skull, a broader pelvis and changes in the proportions of the hip, knee and foot;
advantages that would lead to this adaptation are it requires less energy than walking on 4 legs, frees the hands for carrying food, increases access to food, and allows better surveillance for predators |
bipedal locomotion
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mostly diurnal, changes in eye design and increased brain size, groups with complex interactions, include monkeys, apes, and humans; two noticeable differences between apes and monkeys is that apes have larger brains and monkeys may have tails
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Anthropoids
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prosimians(LEMURS,BUSH BABIES,TARSIERS)
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small, big-eyed primates, live in trees with long balancing tails, only two lineages survive today, nocturnal
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new world monkeys
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spreading noses, tails can grasp objects, evolved in South American isolation, all aboreal
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hominoids
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include apes and humans
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The neural crest consists of:
A. embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube B. embryonic cells that form the kidney C. clusters of Hox genes D. cells that form hair follicles E. cells that lie along the crest of the spine |
A. embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
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The lateral line is:
A. a lateral stripe on the side of male fish that aids in sex-recognition B. a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water C. the row of fins along the sides of eels D. the row of pharyngeal slits along each side of the heads of fish E. the row of small blocks of cartilage along each side of the notochord of agnathan fishes |
B. a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water
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Reptiles are better adapted to life on land than are amphibians. Which of the following statements best describes their advantage?
A. Reptiles have an egg with an amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, and shell. B. Reptiles have a skin that resists loss of water by evaporation. C. Reptiles breathe by expanding the rib cage. D. Reptiles have the ability to concentrate urine. E. All the other choices provided are correct. |
E. All the other choices provided are correct.
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Epidermal placodes are:
A. epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as feathers and hair B. epidermal thickenings that give rise to the lateral line system C. epidermal thickenings that lead to the formation of mesoderm D. epidermal thickenings that give rise to skin glands E. none of the choices provided |
A. epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as feathers and hair
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