Bio 2 - Exam 1

Front 1

An organism is a a life form that meets these 5 requirements

Back 1

it has energy, is made of cells, contains genetic information, can replicate itself, and is the product of evolution.

Front 2

A theory is

Back 2

an explanation for a general class of phenomena or observations that is supported by a wide body of evidence.

Front 3

A cell is a highly organized compartment that is bounded by a thin, flexible structure called the __________

Back 3

plasma membrane

Front 4

Most scientific theories have two components one describing __________ and the second identifying __________

Back 4

a pattern in the world, a mechanism or a process that creates the pattern

Front 5

The complete cell theory is stated as

Back 5

all organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Front 6

A hypothesis is a

Back 6

testable statement explaining a phenomena or observation

Front 7

A scientific prediction describes

Back 7

a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid.

Front 8

The first claim of the theory of evolution is that species are

Back 8

related by a common ancestry

Front 9

The second claim of the theory of evolution is that over the course of generation to generation species __________

Back 9

can change.

Front 10

Evolution is a change in

Back 10

the characteristics of a population over time.

Front 11

Natural selection occurs when these two conditions are met

Back 11

individuals in a population vary in heritable characteristics and live in an environment where one characteristic would be more favorable for survival than others.

Front 12

Evolution occurs when

Back 12

heritable variation leads to differential success in reproduction

Front 13

Biological fitness means

Back 13

the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring

Front 14

A biological adaptation is a trait that

Back 14

increases the fitness of an individual

Front 15

Cell theory and the theory of evolution together create two central unifying ideas. 1. That __________ is the fundamental structural unit in all organisms. 2. That all species are related by __________ and have changed over time in response to __________.

Back 15

the cell, common ancestry, natural selection

Front 16

Plato based the organization and creation of species in typological thinking, which is based on the idea that

Back 16

species are unchanging types and that variation within species are unimportant

Front 17

Aristotle based the organization and creation of species in the great chain of being, which is based on the idea that

Back 17

species are fixed types and some species are better than others

Front 18

Lamarck based the organization and creation of species in basic form of evolution called Lamarckian evolution, which is based on the idea that

Back 18

species start basic and evolve only into bigger, more complex species.

Front 19

Darwin based the organization and creation of species in the modern view of evolution, called Darwinian evolution, which is based on the idea that

Back 19

evolution occurs cause traits vary in individuals over generations, and that natural selection occurs based upon the fitness of those traits.

Front 20

Population thinking is the view that variation is

Back 20

key to understanding the nature of species.

Front 21

The theory of evolution by natural selection makes two predictions about the nature of species, in that __________

Back 21

species change through time, and species are related by common ancestry.

Front 22

Descent with modification is the evolutionary idea that states

Back 22

species living in the past are the ancestors of species existing today.

Front 23

A fossil is

Back 23

any trace of an organism that lived in the past

Front 24

The four processes that can shift allele frequencies in populations over time are

Back 24

Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation

Front 25

Natural selection is

Back 25

increases frequency of certain alleles

Front 26

Genetic drift causes

Back 26

allele frequencies to change randomly

Front 27

Gene flow occurs when

Back 27

individuals leave one population, join another, and breed. Allele frequencies change through introduction of new alleles.

Front 28

Mutation modifies

Back 28

allele frequencies by continually introducing new alleles.

Front 29

The two fundamental points about evolutionary processes are

Back 29

1. Natural selection is not the only agent responsible for evolution 2. Each of the four evolutionary processses has different consequences for genetic variation and fitness

Front 30

The Hardy -Weinberg principle serves as a

Back 30

mathematical null hypothesis for the study of evolutionary processes

Front 31

A null hypothesis predicts there

Back 31

are no difference among the treament groups in an expirement

Front 32

The fossil record is the whole of

Back 32

all fossils that have been found on earth

Front 33

The geologic time scale is described in

Back 33

eons, eras, and periods

Front 34

Carbon dating suggests that the earth is __________ years old

Back 34

4.6 billion

Front 35

Carbon dating suggests that life on earth began __________ years ago

Back 35

3.4 to 3.6 billion

Front 36

A transitional feature is a trait in a fossil species that is an __________ between an ancestral and derived species

Back 36

intermediary trait

Front 37

A vestigial trait is a

Back 37

reduced or incompletely developed structure that has little to no function. i.e. the human tail bone.

Front 38

A phylogenetic tree graphs

Back 38

ancestor descendant relationships among species.

Front 39

Homology is a _________ that exists between species

Back 39

similarity

Front 40

Homology is studied at which three levels

Back 40

Genetic homology (within DNA), developmental homology (within embryos), and structural homology (adult structures)

Front 41

The three levels of homology interact how

Back 41

genetic homology influences developmental homologies in embryos which leads to structural homologies in adults.

Front 42

Darwins four postulates of natural selection

Back 42

Individual organisms that make a population vary in traits, Certain traits are heritable, Each generation will only have a portion of population reproduce, Individuals that survive and reproduce have heritable traits more suited for survival

Front 43

Darwin's four postulates can be summed up into defining the evolution of natural selection by stating

Back 43

evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success.

Front 44

The theory of evolution by natural selection is testable by

Back 44

documenting heritable variation and differential reproductive success in a wide array of natural populations

Front 45

A population is

Back 45

a group of individuals from the same species that live in the same area at the same time and can interbreed

Front 46

The gene pool is used to analyze the consequences of mating of individuals in a population. The gene pool is composed of

Back 46

all alleles from all gametes produced in a generation.

Front 47

Inbreeding is the

Back 47

mating between relatives. It is nonrandom.

Front 48

Inbreeding causes increased

Back 48

homozygosity

Front 49

Inbreeding does not cause

Back 49

evolution, since it does not change allele frequencies in a population

Front 50

Nonradom mating changes only

Back 50

genotype frequencies, not allele frequencies

Front 51

Inbreeding increases rate at which natural selection eliminates

Back 51

recessive deleterious (harmful) alleles

Front 52

Inbreeding depression is the

Back 52

decline in average fitness that takes place when homozygosity increases and heterozygosity decreases in a population

Front 53

Inbreeding depression results from two causes

Back 53

Many recessive alleles represent a loss-of-function mutation and many disease fighting genes (and others) are at a heterozygote advantage

Front 54

Sexual selection is a form of natural selection where

Back 54

females choose certain male partners

Front 55

If certain alleles are associated with a more favored phenotype, they

Back 55

increase in frequency over time.

Front 56

Genetic variation is the

Back 56

number and relative frequency of alleles in a population

Front 57

Directional selection changes

Back 57

the shifts genetic variation to an extreme trait

Front 58

Stabilizing selection reduces

Back 58

variation in a trait and favors an slim average

Front 59

Disruptive selection changes variation

Back 59

towards both extremes, positive and negative, and away from an average

Front 60

Balancing selection favors

Back 60

no single phenotype, resulting in large genetic variation

Front 61

Intersexual selection is when

Back 61

one gender selects based on the fitness of a mate

Front 62

Intrasexual selection is when

Back 62

a single gender competes for mating rights

Front 63

Genetic drift is defined as

Back 63

any change in allele frequencies in a population that is due to change

Front 64

Genetic drift is random with

Back 64

respect to fitness

Front 65

Genetic drift is most pronounced in

Back 65

small populations

Front 66

Genetic drift can lead to random loss or fixation of

Back 66

alleles

Front 67

The founder effect is when

Back 67

a new population is established changing allel frequency

Front 68

A genetic bottleneck occurs when

Back 68

there is a sudden reduction in the number of alleles in a population

Front 69

Gene flow is the movement of

Back 69

alleles between populations.

Front 70

Gene flow causes allele frequencies to

Back 70

equalize between source populations and recipient populations

Front 71

Gene flow is random with respect to

Back 71

fitness

Front 72

Science is defined as

Back 72

systematic method of inquiry that seeks natural causes for natural phenomena

Front 73

Biology is the scientific study of

Back 73

Life

Front 74

Speciation is

Back 74

1 species diverging to form 2 species

Front 75

Prokaryotic organisms include the two domains ____________ and _____________

Back 75

Arhcaea and Bacteria

Front 76

The three domains of life are

Back 76

Eukarya, Eubacteria, and Archaea

Front 77

A phylum is a

Back 77

Major lineage within a domain

Front 78

The organization of life from largest to smallest (DKPCOFGS)

Back 78

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Front 79

The organization of life from largest to smallest

(Don't kill people cause only friends get slain)

Back 79

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Front 80

The organization of life from largest to smallest

Back 80

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Front 81

A genus is

Back 81

A closely related group of species

Front 82

Species regularly _________ or have characteristicts ________ from other species

Back 82

breed together, distinct

Front 83

Scientific name format

Back 83

Capital lowercase, Genus species

Front 84

The steps of the scientific process are

(OFPTR)

Back 84

Observe, form a hypothesis, predict, test, revise or retest.

Front 85

The steps of the scientific process are

(Only feels pierce the robot)

Back 85

Observe, form a hypothesis, predict, test, revise or retest.

Front 86

The steps of the scientific process are

Back 86

Observe, form a hypothesis, predict, test, revise or retest.