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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sensory receptors
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structures that detect changes in the environment; made up of modified neutrons and cells, converts energy stimuli into changes in membrane potential which in turn transmits signals to the nervous system by four functions
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reception
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ability of a cell to absorb energy of the stimulus
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transduction
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actual conversion of stimulus energy into the receptor potential of a receptor cell
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amplification
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strengthening of stimulus energy that is otherwise too weak to be carried into the nervous system
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integration
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processing of information; signals integrate through summation of graded potentials; each signal interpreted varies by sensitivity
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mechanoreceptors
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stimulate by physical deformation caused by such stimuli as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, sound (forms of mechanical energy)
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stretching
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plasma membrane stretched increases permeability and depolarization (muscle spindle-stretch receptor)
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touch
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relies on modified denrites of sensory neurons, location close to the surface of the skin or in deep skin layer, helps define the magnitude of the touch
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motion
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ex. hair cell, hair that lines the skin helps detect motion when a force bends the hair, which in turn stretches the permeability of the cell
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the eye cup
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provides information about light intensity and direction w/o forming an image; when light hits the invertebrate, only one eye can feel the intensity, therefore telling the direction of the light
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rod cells
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sensitive to light, dont distinguish color, most animals have b/c nocturnal
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cone cells
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color/ minority has alot of this: humans, primates, fish
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fovea
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rods are found in the greatest density at the peripheral regions of the retina and are completely absent from the ______ the center of the visual field
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Cone colors
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red, green and blue!
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cochlea
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(snail) coiled organ involved in hearing; has two large fluid-filled chambers separated by the cochlear duct
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volume
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determined by the amplitude (height) of the soundwave
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pitch
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determined by frequency (# of vibrations per second)
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lateral line system
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a mechanoreceptor system of pores and receptor units along sides of the body of fish and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and other moving objects
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statocysts
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sensory organs of most invertebrates that contain mechanoreceptors and function in their sense of equilibrium
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Microfilaments
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contractile system; amoevoid movement or contraction of muscle cells
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hydrostatic skeleton
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consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body
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peristalisis
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a type of locomotion produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions passing from head to tail; used by earthworms and other annelids
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cross bridge
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the thick myosin filamentsare covered with myosin heads that bind to sites on the actin filaments, forming a ______, and pull the thin filament toward the sacromere. This decreases the overall length of the sacromere, which ultimately results in the contraction of muscles
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Microtubules
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contractile system; cilia and flagella
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