Bio 2

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Protists

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Eukaryotic Diverse Unicellular,colonial & multicellular Sexual& asexual reproduction¢Classifiedby nutrition: Autotrophic (Algae) or Heterotrophic (Protozoans andSlime Molds)

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Archaeplastids

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Thisgroup includes land plants and other photosynthetic organisms, such as greenand red algae, that have organelles derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteriaack_1430456867120815

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GreenAlgae:

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Majority are unicellular, but some are multicellular Live in variety of moist environments (oceans, freshwater, treebark…)

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Multicellular greenalgae

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- ancestors to plant kingdom >

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-Chlamydomonas

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– -Unicellular 2 Flagella – front end, breaststroke

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Genus Volvox

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– ¢Colonial green algae w/ 500 to 60,000 indiv. cells 9`!I!

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Flagella -

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produce directional movement

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¢Daughtercolonies

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will leave to form new colonies

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Vegetativecells

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don’t reproduce

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True divisionof labor

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Not all cells reproduce. ***Beginning of cell specialization

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Ulva

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Multicellular green algae – sea lettuce ¢marine 2 cells thick Up to 1 meter long

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Spirogyra –

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filamentous green algae Ribbonlike, spiralled chloroplasts ¢Asexual & sexual reproduction

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Conjugation tube -

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DNA transfer between cells

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Diploid Zygote –

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product of fertilization

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TheRed Algae

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Most - multicellular-Foundshallow and deep waters-Grow inwarm seawater - Economically importantcom

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agar:

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gel capsules, dental impressions, cosmetics, media for bacteria, foods (jellies & desserts)

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Chromalveolates

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Made oftwo large subgroups1.) Stramenopiles- haveflagella (or descended from organisms that had flagella) -Brown Algae -Diatoms -Water Molds2.) Alveolates-Unicellular protist that habe alveoli (small sacs) just below their cell membrane. -Dinoflagellates -Ciliates

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BrownAlgae

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¢Marine, multicellular ¢“seaweed”or “kelp”

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Kelp

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responsible for most of the food production through photosynthesis. (up to 100m)

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holdfasts -

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grasping portion - attach themselves to rocks. Blade

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“Airbladders” -

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give buoyancy

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Genus Sargassum –

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sometimes break off from holdfasts & form floating masses Float due to airbladders

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The Diatoms

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¢Autotrophic¢Uniquedouble shells made of silica - fit togetether likea ”hat box” or petri dish

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diatomaceous earth” .

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(remains) on ocean floor used as an abrasive (silver & toothpaste) Filtering agents & soundproofing s

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“Reproduce asexually

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– each offspring gets one old shell, and a new shell grows until it is 30% size of the original – then sexually reproduce

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Water Molds/body>

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¢Most livein waterp

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Parasitesor saprotrophic

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fish, insects, decomposing remains – form furry growths ¢Cellulose cell wall, not chitin like fungus

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Phytophthora infestans

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resp. for potato famine of Ireland in 1840

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Dinoflagellates

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¢photosynthetic¢Containcellulose and silica walls 2flagella, 1 extends out while the other wraps around the organism Symbiontic w/jellyfish, sea anemones, mollusks and corals

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-“red tide”-“

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blooms” -Dinoflagellates undergo abnormal growth. This leads to an increase in toxin levels which kills fish in the environment. Can lead to human poisoning, if consumed

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Ciliates - Paramecium

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Ciliates= unicellular organisms thatmove by cilia

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Pellicle –

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semi-rigid outer covering .

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Trichocysts –

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barbed threads used for defense/capturing prey

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Gullet –

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structure where food enters

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The Sporozoans -

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Nonmotile, spore-forming parasite Spores enter bloodstream of person and they make their way to the liver and reproduce asexuallySpores reenter bloodstream, rupture, releasing toxic substances. 3 million people die of malaria e/ year.

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Apicomplexans- Plasmodiuml

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¢causesmalaria¢ Spreadby mosquitoes (vector)¢InvadesRBC’s¢Chills& fever occur when RBC’s rupture releasing toxins

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Euglenoid

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¢autotrophicor heterotrophic (1/3 have chloroplast)

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Pyrenoid –

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region of chloroplast – produces

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paramylon

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carbohydrate

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¢Pellicle –

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flexible protein - shape

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2 Flagella

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- movement

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Stigma or eyespot -

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base of flagella - light sensitive

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Contractile vacuole –

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rids body of excess water

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Trypanasomes

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African sleeping sickness- Lack of O2 to braincauses lethargy-Tsetseflies - vector

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Giardia lamblia –

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responsible for hiker’s diarrhea

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Amoebozoans

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Contains protozoans that move by pseudopods. They usually live in aquatic environments

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TheAmoebas

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¢Parasitic& free living¢ Nodefinite shape¢Locomotionpseudopods (Greek“false” and “foot”) ¢Feed – phagocytosis –digestion occurs in “food vacuole”¢Ameobic dysentery , causedby amoeba, can be fatal if they infect the brain or liver.

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-Exist asa plasmodium:

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-Plasmodium-mass of “Cell bodies” that are not separated into individual cells -Creepsalong -resembles slime –phagocytizing decayingplant material in forest-Producespores in dry environments, which will germinate when moisture returnsȜT.j7

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Cellular Slime Molds

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Exist asindividual amoeboid cells- Commonin soil-Movesthrough soil or substrate ingesting bacteria and yeasts-Whenconditions are not favorable, they will aggregate and produce spores untilconditions are more favorable.

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Opisthokonts

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Includesanimals and fungi, as well as several closely related protist (bothunicellular and multicellular)i

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Choanoflagellates

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¢Relatedto sponges (greatly resemble the feeding cells of sponges)¢Filterfeeders: whipping their flagellum circulates the water through the collar,where microvilli take in nutrients

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Rhizarians

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Consistof Radiolarians and Foraminifera, protist withfine, threadlike pseudopods. Rhizarians have acalcium-based skeleton called a “test”.

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Radiolarians

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¢Glassysilicon test (skeleton) ¢Manyneedles – like pseudopods

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Foraminifera>l>

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Marine- Tests – calcium carbonate skeleton- Pseudopods - Cytoplasmicprojections extend through openings in the test

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“White Cliffs ofDover” -

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Southern England - rich in foraminiferan deposits.

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Egyptian pyramids –

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foraminiferan limestone

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Testes

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pore-studded shells made of organic materials reinforced with grains of inorganic matter - Cytoplasmic projections called podia emerge through openings of the testes used for swimming, gathering materials for the testes, and feeding - Forams eat a wide variety of small organisms