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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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open circulatory system
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-no distinction between circulating and extracellular fliud (both called HEMOLYMPLH)
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closed circulatory system
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transport of blood which is always within vessels from and back to a pump, the heart
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what is the difference between the open and closed circulatory system?
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open: no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid (both called hemolymph)
closed: transport of blood which is always enclosed within vessels from and back to a pump, the heart |
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the role of the circulatory system
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transport:
-O2 -nutrients -wastes -hormone: -temperature regulation -blood clotting and immune defense -cardiovascular system includes: -heart -vessels -blood -and all the material blood contains |
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What is hemolymph?
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body fluid that bathes tissues
**used for both open and closed circulatory systems** |
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The circulatory system transports what?
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transport oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones
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The cardiovascular system includes what?
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cardiovascular system includes:
-heart -vessels -blood -and all the material blood contains |
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what are plasma solute made up of?
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-globulins
-albumins -ions -metabolites -waste -hormones |
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during circulation, what is filtered out of the capillaries without any proteins?
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blood
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the blood that is filtered out of the capillaries without proteins is used for what? and is called ?
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-used to bath the tisses
is calles intersitial fluid |
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what happens to the excess interstitial fluid that seeps into the tissues?
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-it does not move back into the capillaries because of osmotic potential
-it is rather picked up by the lymphatic system |
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what are the vessel structures of the following (arteries, arterioles, venules, veins)
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all have four basic layer structure including:
-endothelium -elastic fibers -smooth muscle -connective tissue |
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what is significant about arties?
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-largest vessels (some need own blood suppy)
-carry blood (oxygenated and deoxygenated) away from the heart -3 layers (innermost is the endothelium, middle, smooth muscle, helps control blood pressure) |
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what is significant about arterioles?
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-have the greatest control over blood flow since they have sphincter muscles that determine flow into capillary beds (precapillary sphincters)
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what is significant about capillaries?
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-single layer of endthelial cells (area where exchange of gases and metabolites between blood and tissue occurs)
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what is significant about venules and veins?
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-thinner walls ( less muscle and thinner elastic fibers layers) than arteries and arterioles
-brings blood back to heart -have valves (skeletal muscles squeeze pushing blood toward heart, one-way valves prevent back flow) **-veins because their expansion capabilities, can expand to hold additional blood** |
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Describe the basic structure of the vessels.
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all have basic 4-layer structure including:
-endothelium -elastic fibers -smooth muscle -connective tissue |
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What vessels move blood away from the heart?
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arteries
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How do arteries structure help maintain blood pressure?
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-3 layers (innermost is the endothelium, middle, smooth muscle, helps control blood pressure)
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What is the role of sphincter muscles and where are they found?
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?
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Where does exchange take place?
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capillaries
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How is blood moved through venuels and veins?
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skeletal muscles squeezing and pushing blood towards the heart, one way valve prevents backflow
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What vessels act as a blood reservoir?
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Veins act as blood reservoirs of the body because they are easily distensible and have valves.
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atherosclerosis
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1st anatomical change in artery is appearance of fatty streaks
-localize plaques reduce artery flow and act as thrombus sites |
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arteriosclerosis
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arterial hardening due to calcium depostion
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whats the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?
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atherosclerosis-1st anatomical change in artery is appearance of fatty streaks
-localize plaques reduce artery flow and act as thrombus sites arteriosclerosis-arterial hardening due to calcium depostion |
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lymphatic system
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a one way system that collect the excess interstitial fluid and digest fats and moves it (by skeletal muscle contractions and one-way valves) until it drains into subclavian veins
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what can result in an increase of interstitial fluid in various body tissues?
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physical conditions such as:
-pregnancy -injuries -liver diseases -protien malnutrition **all lead to edema which is a result of increased interstitial fluid in various body tissues** |
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What is the role of the lymphatic system in collecting excess tissue fluid and returning it to the cardiovascular system?
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to prevent edema which can be caused by physical conditions such as pregnancy, injuries, liver disease, or protein malnutrition
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interstitial fluid
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fluid filtered out of capillaries without protiens, which bathes tissues
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what is the Blood (connective tissue) matrix made out of?
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plasma:
-92% water -metabolites -wastes -hormones -ions -protiens (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen) |
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what major protiens are snythesized in the liver? 3
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-albumin (major plasma protien;helps determine osmotic pressure of blood)
-globulins (includes antibodies that function in immunity and helps transport hormones, cholesterol, and iron ) -fibrinogen (responsible for clot formation) |
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formed elements
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RBC: (erythrocytes- O2 transport)
WBC: (leukocytes- immunity, phagocytosis) platelets: (thrombocytes- blood clotting) |
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Plasma includes what?
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plasma:
-92% water -metabolites -wastes -hormones -ions -protiens (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen) |
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What is the major role of albumin?
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-helps determine osmotic pressure of blood
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Globulins do what?
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help transport cholesterol, hormones, and iron
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What is the role of fibrinogin?
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responsible for clot formation
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Where are the plasma proteins produced?
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produced in the albumin or the matrix
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What are the formed elements and what is the role of each?
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RBC: (erythrocytes- O2 transport)
WBC: (leukocytes- immunity, phagocytosis) platelets: (thrombocytes- blood clotting) |
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where does erthrocytes (RBC) orginate from?
and what is it lacking? |
erythrocytes: RBC- orginate from stem cells in red marrow
biconcave disc which upon maturity lacks a nucleus |
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what does the erthrocytes (RBC) contain
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contains hemoglobin- protien made of 4 amino acid chains that each carry a heme group that contains an atom of iron which binds to O2.
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what is hemoglobin in erythrocytes (RBC) responsible for?
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responsible transporting 35% of CO2 (majority of CO2 os transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma; bicarbonate acts as buffer to help regulate pH) which carries O2 and CO2
**life span of~ 120 days ends when removed form the blood in liver and spleen** |
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what is Leukocytes (WBC) role?
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immune system duties protecting body against diseases
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Leukocytes are composed of that (RBC) lack
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mature cells has a nucleus
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what is special about Leukocytes \?
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-can be long lived
-can leave blood and use amoeboid movement to travel through tissues |
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what is the most abundant Leukocytes in blood?
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Neutrophils
**also includes -eosinophils -macrophages -lymphocytes |
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What are the roles of RBC in gas transport?
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responsible transporting 35% of CO2 (majority of CO2 os transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma; bicarbonate acts as buffer to help regulate pH) which carries O2 and CO2
**life span of~ 120 days ends when removed form the blood in liver and spleen** |
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What actually binds to the oxygen molecules?
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a heme group that contains an atom of iron
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How is CO2 transported?
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majority of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma by the hemoglobin
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What is the relationship between CO2 and pH?
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bicarbonate (CO2) acts as a buffer to help regulate pH
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How long does a RBC survive and where is it removed?
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life span is ~120 days
ends when it is removed from the blood in the liver and the spleen |
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WBC include leukocytes and lymphocytes that all have a protective role?
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immunity role
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How do they compare to RBCs?
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RBC focuses on gas transport
WBC focuses on immunity |
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They include what members?
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WBC:leukocytes
-neutrophils(most abundant) -eosinophils -macrophages -lymphocytes |
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what are the basic components of the heart?
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-double pump
-4 major chambers *2 atria(superior) *2 ventricle(inferior) -septum separate the sides *right side(pulmonary circuit) *left side(systemic circuit) |
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what are the internal components of the heart?
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myocardium and the paracardium
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what is the myocardium?
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-the major part of the heart
-mostly cardiac muscle tissue: -striated -elongated -branching -with many mitchondria -intercalated disk -high reserves of myoglobin -an O2 binding pigment(necessary since it relies on aerobic respiration) |
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what is the paracardium?
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-is double layered
*visceral is inner layer next to the heart *parietal is the outer layer *layer are separated by a pericardial cavity filled with fluid -surrounds the heart |
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what is the outer parietal composed of?
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fiboruous connective tissue
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what is the inner visceral composed of?
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squamous epithelial cells
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what is the purpose of the pericardium sac?
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this sac anchors the heart in the chest and protects it
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What are the chambers of the heart?
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-4 chambers
-2 atrias (superior) -2ventricles (inferior) |
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What separates the right from the left portions of the heart and what does each side pump to?
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-the septum
-right side (pulmonary circuit) -left side (systemic circuit) |
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What is myocardium?
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(the major portion of the heart; mostly cardiac muscle tissue: striated, elongated, branching, with many mitochondria, intercalated disks and high reserves of myoglobin, an oxygen binding pigment (necessary since it relies on aerobic respiration)
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What is the pericardium and what is found in the pericardial cavity?
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-heart surrounded by a double layered pericardium
-found in the pericardium: visceral is inner layer next to heart and parietal is outer layer; these layers are separated by pericardial cavity filled with fluid |
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what are the inner most layers of the vessels?
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-the inner most layer of all vessels endothelium
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what are capillaries made of?
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-capillaries are made of only endothelial cells
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what are the vessels of the body?
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-arteries
-arterioles -capillaries -venules -veins |
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what do arteries and arterioles do?
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carry blood away from the heart
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what do capillaries do?
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where nutrient exchange takes place
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what do arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules all have in common?
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they all have elastic fibers, a smooth muscle layer, and a connective tissue layer
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what is special about arteries?
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-they have 3 layers
-muscular and elastic (contains a lot of elastin) -expansion during systole and recoil during diastole helps maintain smooth blood flow. |
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what is special about veins?
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-3 layers
-hold the majority of blood in circulatory system -expand readily -have low blood pressure so skeletal muscle contractions and one-way valves needed to return blood to heart |
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what is special about capillaries?
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-site for nutrient exchange
-flow thru capillaries is determined by the state of constriction of arteriole precapillary spincters blood is deoxygenated until it passes thru pulmonary capillaries and is oxygenated until it passes thru systemic capillaries |
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what is the inner most layer of all vessels?
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the endpthelium
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how do arteries help maintain smooth blood flow?
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expand during systole and recoil during diastole helps maintain blood flow
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where does exchange take place?
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in the capillaries
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where does deoxygenated blood flow?
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from the ____ to the _____(deoxygenated)
1.right atrium 2.tricuspid valve (right AV valve) 3.right ventrile 4.pulmonary semilunar valve 5.pulmonary artery 6.pulmonary arterioles |
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what is special about the pulmonary artery?
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the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood
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what is the purpose of the tricuspid (right AV valve)?
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when the ventricle contracts the right AV valve closes off the opening between the ventricle and the atrium to avoid back flow up into the atrium
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what differentiates the right side of the heart from the left side of the heart and what are the names?
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right side- the pulomonary circuit (deoxygenated blood)
left side- systemic circuit (oxygenated blood) |
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what are the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood?
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pulmonary veins
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where does the freshly oxygenated blood flow?
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from the ____ to the ____
1.pulmonary capillaries 2.pulmonary veins 3.left atrium 4.bicuspid valve (left AV valve) 5.left ventrilce 6.left semilunar valve 7.aorta |
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how is the blood able to pump and be supplied with oxygen?
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it has its own vascular system supplying it with oxygen and nutrients via the coronary artery
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what are the 2 vessels containing blood with the highest oxygen content?
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the pulmonary vein and the aorta
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what path does the blood take when traveling back to the heart?
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blood traveling through a portal system travels from one capillary bed to another capillary bed before entering venuels and veins on the way back to the heart
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heartbeat sounds
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the sound of the valves closing.
the 'lub' is the AV valve closing and the 'dub' is the semilunar valves closing |
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what are we actually listening to in a heartbeat?
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the sounds of the valves closing
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how is the intrinsic contraction stimulated?
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by the SA node
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what is the SA node?
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the sinoatrial node: the pacemaker of the heart
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where is the SA node located?
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located in the right atrium
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when the intrinsic contraction is stimulated by the SA node what happens?
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membrane depolarization
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what is extrinsic contraction controlled by ?
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by the vagus nerve
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what does the extrinsic contraction do?
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the stimulation causes the heart rate to increase
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what separates the atria and the ventricles?
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connective tissue
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what is the cardiac cycle?
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1.intrinsic contraction is stimulated by the SA node
2.the membrane depolarization 3.the AV node is now depolarized 4.bundle of His (fiber network) 5.Purkinje fibers (direct stimulation of both ventricles triggering contraction) |
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what can happen even though the atria and the ventricles are separated by connective tissue?
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the depolarization can slowly pass through the AV node
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depolarization is triggered by what node?
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the SA node
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what node picks up the depolarization?
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?
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the action potential moves form what fiber to what area that stimulates ventricular contraction?
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?
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what is the role of the vagus nerve?
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causes the heart rate to increase
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cardiac output
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the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
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what is the average of cadiac output?
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averages 5 liters per minute in resting person
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how do you measure arterial blood pressure?
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BP(arterial blood pressure) = CO(cardiac output) x R(resistance)
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what makes up cardiac output?
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the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
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systolic pressure
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peak pressure when ventricles are contracting
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diastolic pressure
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minimum pressure when ventricles are relaxing
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where baroreceptors located?
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located in walls of carotid artery and arch of aorta
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what are baroreceptors responsible for?
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for detecting changes in arterial blood pressure
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what is being measured in systolic and diastolic pressures?
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Systolic: peak of pressure when the ventricles are contracting
diastolic: minimum pressure when the ventricles are relaxing |
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what structure detects changes in the arterial blood pressure?
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baroreceptors
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In an EKG (or ECG) pattern, the P wave is caused by what?
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depolarization of atrial muscle fibers (atria contraction beginning)
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In an EKG pattern, the T wave is caused by what?
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polarization of ventricular muscle fibers (relaxation beginning)
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In an EKG pattern, the QRS complex is caused by what?
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depolarization of he ventriculat muscle fibers (ventricles contraction beginning)
**appears after atrail depolarization** |
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what are the different patterns of an EKG and what does each measure>
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-P wave:depolarization of atrial muscle fibers (atria contraction beginning)
-T wave:polarization of ventricular muscle fibers (relaxation beginning) -QRS complex:depolarization of he ventriculat muscle fibers (ventricles contraction beginning) **appears after atrail depolarization** |
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blood flow through veins
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-ensured by one way valves
-thinner muscle layers -thinner elastic fibers layers -ability to be expanded to hold additional blood and be compressed by surrounding skeletal muscle |
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where is the vertebrate cardiovacular center located?
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within the medulla oblongata
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what does the cardiovascular center do?
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coordinates information on blood:
-pressure -volume -oxygen content -carbon dioxide content |
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what cause the heart rate to increase
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the stimulation of the vagus nerve
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cardiac hormones that regulate blood volume
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-ADH
-aldosterone -atrial natriuretic hormone -Nitric oxide |
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what hormones have a role in blood volume?
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-ADH
-aldosterone -atrial natriuretic hormone -Nitric oxide |
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atmosphere
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21% oxygen
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what stimulates the process of blood clotting?
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injured tissues
-stimulates activation of extrinsic blood clotting pathway |
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while nitrogen makes up the greatest part of our atmosphere, oxygen content id at what level?
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21% oxygen
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double circulation
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evolved lungs- allow blood to flow thru lungs (pulmonary circiut) whole it also thru body (systemic circiut)
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whats the relationship between double circulation and lungs?
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evolved lungs- allow blood to flow thru lungs (pulmonary circiut) whole it also thru body (systemic circiut)
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respiration
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uptake of oxygen from the environment (ventilation) anf the disposal of carbon dioxide at the body system level (exhalation)
**both of these gases move thru diffusion** |
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what is ventilation and exhalation?
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ventilation-uptake of oxygen from the environment
exhalation-diposal of carbon dioxide at the body system level |
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what is more easily transferred into water thru respiratory membranes and why
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CO2 is more easily transferred into water thru respiratory membranes compared to O2 because CO2 is more soluble in water than O2
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what is the result since CO2 is more soluble in water than O2?
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consequently a high proportion of CO2 is dissolved in blood's plasma
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tidal volume
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air in and out in a single relaxed breath
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vital capacity
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maximum tidal volume or sum of tidal
-inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve (older persons have less) |
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inspiratory reserve volume
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air taken beyond in tidal volume using forced inspiration
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exspiration reserve volume
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air forced out beyond tidal volume by contracting chest and abdominal muscles
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residual volume
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air remaining in lungs after deepest possible expiration (no exchange use)
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expansion of lungs
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creates negative pressure thereby promoting filling with atmosperic gases
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what sort of pressure allows our lungs to fill?
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negative pressure
-thereby promoting filliing with atmospheric gases |
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who has the most efficient lungs?
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birds
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which organism has the most efficient lungs
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birds
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breath impulse for humans and terrestrial vertebrates
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1.a rise in blood pCO2
2.carbonic acid 3.pH lower 4.aotic and carotid bodies neurons stimulates 5.impulse to control center in medulla oblongata **all leads to inhalation** |
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which gas has the greatest role in triggering an impulse to breathe?
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CO2
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Stimulating the vagus nerve would cause
A. blood pressure to rise. B. heart rate to increase. C. heart rate to decrease. D. no change in any cardiovascular parameters. E. a release in epinephrine. |
B. heart rate to increase.
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If your blood had a higher than normal concentration of proteins, which of the following would likely be true?
A. You would have edema. B. You would have liver disease. C. The net reabsorption of interstitial fluid in the capillaries would be low. D. The net reabsorption of interstitial fluid in the capillaries would be high. E. Insulin levels would increase. |
C. The net reabsorption of interstitial fluid in the capillaries would be low.
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Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood?
A. pulmonary arteries B. pulmonary veins C. femoral vein D. inferior vena cava E. renal vein |
B. pulmonary veins
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The mechanism that triggers breathing in humans is true for
A. all vertebrates. B. just terrestrial vertebrates. C. just aquatic vertebrates. D. only humans. E. only humans and invertebrates. |
B. just terrestrial vertebrates
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CO2 is more easily transferred into water through respiratory membranes compared to O2 because
A. CO2 is a smaller molecule than O2. B. CO2 moves faster than O2. C. CO2 is more soluble in water than O2. D. CO2 has a higher surface cohesion than O2. E. CO2 is a larger molecule than O2. |
C. CO2 is more soluble in water than O2.
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what inhibits the formation of the platelet plug?
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Asprin
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what is the activation pathway for hemostasis?
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injured tissue
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what ion has a key role in blood clotting?
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Ca^+2
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what is the last step in the fromation of the insoluble meshwork of a clot?
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protien activation pathway stimulates prothrombin to convert into thrombin which inturn stimulates fibrinogen to activate into fibrin (the final protien froming insoluble meshwork)
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the extrinsic pathway is also known as the?
the intrinsic pathway is also know as the? |
-tissue factor pathway
-the contact activation pathway |
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the process to which a clot forms on injured tissue?
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1.tissue is injured (stimulate activation of extrinsic blood clotting pathway)
2.the injured tissue becomes sticky allowing platelets to adhere forming platelet plug 3.blood vessels constrict 4.tissues excrete chemical signals (clotting factor activation by contact with connective tissue) 5.the presence of Ca^+2 initiates the plasma protien activation pathway 6.which stimulates the prothrombin to convert into thrombin 7.which inturn stimulates fibrinogen to activate into fibrin (final protien forming insoluble meshwork) |
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the plasma protien activation pathway is?
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prothrombin to thrombin (which activates) fibrinogen into fibrin
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cessation of bleeding (hemostasis)
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vasoconstriction to platelet plug to fibrin protien clot
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