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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hormones
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-amines( includes Epi, NE)
-polypeptide/protein(chains of amino acids include ADH, GH, and insulin) -glycoprotiens(includes LH, FSH) -steriods(lipids derived fom cholesterol(includes testosterone, estrogen, thyroid hormones) |
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endocrine glands
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secrete hormones into blood stream
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what do steroids and thyroids have in common?
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they are both lipophilic
(water hating) |
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what do proteins, peptides, and amine hormones have in common?
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they are all hydrophilic
(water soluble) |
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the non-lipid, hydrophilic/ lipophilic hormones react with what? and causes?
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react with receptors on the surface of the target cell which then causes second messengers to activate previously inactive enzymes.
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what are the lipid catagories
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-are nonpolar (both lipophilic and hydrophobic)
-therefore they can pass through the plasma membrane to interact with receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus -these receptors regulate gene transcription. |
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hormone level controls
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-while the actual structure of hormone are not changed, certain mechanisms can be utilized to control concentrations in the blood:
-alter the rate of synthesis and subsequent release of hormone onto the blood. -alter the rate at which the hormone is released from the blood -change the rate at which an enzyme produces the hormone. -change the rate at which the hormone os excreted into the urine |
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hormone action
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is genomic action and second messenger action
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genomic action
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involoves lipophilic hormones and thier receptors within target's cytoplasm or nucleus where they affect transcription; takes at least 30 mins
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second messenger action
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involoves water-soluble(hydrophilic, lipophobic molecules)hormonws and their receptors on the surface of target cell; intracellular mediators act as second messenger within the cell.
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consider: hormone action
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Hydrophilic hormones (extracellular signals) are transduced into intracellular signals (second messengers)
cAMP activates protien kinase that activates other enzyme in the cell. |
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target cells
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cells with specific receptor protiend fot both neurotransmitters and or hormones; tissue usually responds to # of hormones
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what distinguishes a target cell?
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cells with specific receptor protiens for both neurotransmitters and or hormones. reacts only with certain other cells
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aspects of neural and endocrine regulation
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chemical functioning in physiological regulation includes:
1) secretion of chemical signals ny nervous system and endocrine system 2) target cell has specific receptors for chemical signals 3) must be mechanism to turn off chemical's action 4) interaction of chemical and receptor causes specific changes in target cell's activities |
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What are the requirements for chemical functioning in neural and endocrine regulation?
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1) secretion of chemical signals by nervous system and endocrine system
2) target cell has specific receptors for chemical signals 3) must be mechanism to turn off chemical's action 4) interaction of chemical and receptor causes specific changes in target cell's activities |
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hromone interactions
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-synergistic
-permissive effect -antagonistic effect -priming effect -desensitization |
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synergistic
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two hormones work together to produce a greater effect than each individual hormone would achieve
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permissive effect
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hormone enhances responsiveness of target cell to 2nd hormones
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antagonistic effect
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1 hormone inhibits effect of another
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priming effect
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upregulation occurs when hormone induces more of its own receptors in target cell
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desensitization
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downregulation occurs after long exposure to high levels of polypeptide hormone due to decrease in # of receptors
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How do horomones interact with eachother?
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thru:
-synergistic interactions -permissive effect -antagonistic effect -priming effect -desensitization |
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Consider: anabolic steroid abuse
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causes testoterone receptors to be downregulated leading to desensitization
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hypothalamus
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a portion of the brain base that regulates automonic functions and secretes hormones, most of which regulate secretory activity of the pituitary gland
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what is the role of the hypothalamus?
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regulates autonomic functions and secretes hormones, most of which regulate secretory activity of the pituitary gland
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poterior pituitary
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stores and secretes neurohormones (ADH and Oxytocin) produced in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pituitary by neuron axons
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ADH helps regulate?
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water volume and blood pressure
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the consumption of alcohol stimulates?
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-urinationby inhibiting ADH secretion
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Oxytocin stimulates?
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the milk-ejection reflex and uterine muscle contractions during child birth
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releasing or inhibiting hormones
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hormones released by the hypothalamus, travel thru portal vein to stimulate or decrease secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
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good to know about the pituitary gland
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gland produces the most most hormone
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the hormones target cells found where?
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anterior pituitary
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a hypothalamo-hypophyyseal portal system is ?
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system of capillary bed to capillary bed that links the hypothamlanus anf the anterior pituitary
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what does a hypothalamo-hypophyyseal portal system do?
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ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone os locally high to stimulate the pituitary
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what happens in a hypothalamo-hypophyyseal portal system?
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the hypothalamus secretes (into portal system) tropic hormones that are either releasing or inhibiting hormones
-these tropic hormones (releasing or inhibiting) act on target endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary to stimulate or suppress the release of hormones that act on other endocrine glands to stimulate the release of still other hormones. |
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Example: a hypothalamo-hypophyyseal portal system in action
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GnRH(gonadotropin releasing hormone) is released by the hypothalamus then targets endocrine cells in anterior pituitary to release either LH(Lutienizing hormone) or FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) which will target the male gonads affecting a release of androgens and the females gonads affecting a release of estrogen or progestrogen
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what does ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)stimulate
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the adrenal cortex to produce its hormones
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what does Prolactin stimulate?
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stimulates breast development and milk production
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what does growth hormone do?
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targeting most tissues, it:
-stimulates protien synthesis -increases amino acid uptake by cells -promotes fat metabolism -**if amount is increased during growth years it can cause gigantism. |
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what is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)?
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a glycoprotien hormone that has an effect in gamete production in both male and female.
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The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system exists between the hypothalamus and what portion of the pituitary gland?
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anterior pituitary
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What does the hypothalamus secrete and where are those substances' target cells?
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-secretes tropic hormones
-target endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary |
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What are the functions of LH?
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-High levels of estrogen trigger the LH surge causing the release of the egg from the mature follicle. This process is called ovulation. LH stimulates the progesterone production from the corpus luteum, which supports the second half of the menstrual cycle. During this phase estrogen levels decrease while progesterone levels increase.
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What are the functions of FSH,
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-a glycoprotein hormone that has an effect in gamete production in both males and females
-FSH controls the first half of the menstrual cycle by stimulating the maturation of the ovarian follicles. Many follicles mature during each cycle, but the one that reaches maturity first will release the egg. FSH stimulate the follicle cells to produce the hormone estrogen, which stimulates the preparation of the endometrium, needed for implantation in case the egg is fertilized |
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What are the functions of ACTH
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-stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones
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What are the functions of Prolactin
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-stimulates breast development and milk production
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What are the functions of Growth Hormone?
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-targeting most tissues, stimulates protein synthesis, increases amino acid uptake by cells, promotes fat metabolism, and if amount is increased during growth years, can cause gigantism.
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what are two parts the adrenal glands:
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-adrenal cortex(derived from the ectoderm)
-adrenal medulla (derived from the mesoderm) |
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what is the adrenal cortex?
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adrenal cortex(derived from the ectoderm): produces cortisol (role in stress response in glucose homeostasis and aspects of immune response) and aldosterone (sodium retention by kidney).
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what is the adrenal medulla?
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adrenal medulla (derived from the mesoderm): produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (associated with stmpathetic nervous system's fight-or-flight/short term stress response; works both as a neurotransmitter and a hormone)
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What is the adrenal gland's role in the "fight-or-flight" response?
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the adrenal medulla(derived from the mesoderm) produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
-works as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone |
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Which portion of the adrenal gland in involved in this response?
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the adrenal medulla
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The cortex produces which two hormones and what are their functions?
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-produces cortisol: role in stress response in glucose homeostasis and aspects of immune response
-produces aldosterone:sodium retention by kidney |
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Norepinephrine works as what?
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works as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
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what are the two parts to the pancreas
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the endocrine region and the exocrine region
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what does the endocrine region do?
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-alpha cells secrete glucagon for stimulating glycogen breakdown into glucose
-beta cells secrete insulin for stimulating glucose uptake and fat production -glucose storage as glycogen **both hormone maintain glucose homeostasis** |
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what does the exocrine region do?
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-primarily secrete digestive enzymes into gastrointestinal tract
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what would stimulate the release of insulin?
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beta cell receptors?
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what would stimulate the release of glucagon?
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alpha cell receptors?
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what are two types of diabetes?
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type I and type II
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what is type I diabetes?
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lack of insulin secreting B cells
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what is type II diabetes?
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most prevalent form; low number of insulin receptors
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what is the difference between type I and type II diabetes
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type I is lack of insulin receptors and type II is low number of insulin receptors
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thyroid
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hormones regulated by carbohydrates and lipid metabolism and stimulate uptake of calcium into bones (calcitonin)
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what does thyroxin do?
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sets the body basal metabolic rate
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what does thyroxin trigger?
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triggers metamorphosis in amphibians
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what happens when there are low levels of thyroxin in adults?
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hypothyroidism- reduced metabolism and overweight
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what happens when there are high levels of thyroxin in adults?
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-high metabolism and weight loss
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what is the role in thyroxin in the human body
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sets the bodys basal metabolic rate
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what is the role in thyroxin in amphibians?
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triggers metamoorphosis in amphibians
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goiter
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disease of enlarged thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency in diet leading to reduced levels of T3 and T4 in the blood, leading to excessive thyroid-stimulating hormone production
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what is a goiter?
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disease of enlarged thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency in diet leading to reduced levels of T3 and T4 in the blood, leading to excessive thyroid-stimulating hormone production
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parathyroid glands
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PTH produced in response to fall in Ca^2+ levels of in blood --> osteoclasts dissolve calcium phosphate in bone and stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Ca^2+ from the urine.
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good to know about Ca^2+ absorption.
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Vitamin D (produced in skin in response to UV light and consumed in diet) once activated stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca^2+
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PTH stimulates the osteoclasts to do what?
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-to dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and stimulates kidnets to reabsorb Ca^2+ from urine
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What does vitamin D do in this process?
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-stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca^2+
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Where do we get vitamin D?
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-produced in the skin in response to UV light or consumed in our diet
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acetycholine
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molecule that can act as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
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what are the roles of the thymus gland?
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-secrete thymosin to stimulate lympocyte differentiation for the immune system
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what are the roles of the pineal gland?
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-melatonin helping regulate the circadian rythm
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what is the circadian rythm
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the circadian rythm are cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern
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gonads
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-produce sex steroids
-estrogen and progesterone (female) -testoterone (male) |
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what does testosterone do?
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testosterone induces male secondry sex characteristics and when abused can lead to aggressive behavior
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describe the role of the paracrine regulators
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molecules that are produced within tissue but regulate a different tissue of the same organ (prostaglandins, cytokines, nitric oxide, and growth factors)
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describe the role of the autocrine regulators
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mediate the function of the cells in which they are synthesized.
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What does the prostaglandins participate in?
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in regulating almost every organ belonging to the:
immune system reproductive system digestive system respiratory system circulatory system urinary system |
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ecdysone
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brain hormone stimulates insect prothoracic gland to secrete this moling hormone
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Which of the following is likely NOT to be a mechanism for controlling hormone levels in the blood?
A. Alter the rate of synthesis and subsequent release of hormone into the blood. B. Change the rate at which an enzyme produces the hormone. C. Modify the structure of the hormone at its point of production so it no longer binds its receptor. D. Alter the rate at which the hormone is removed from the blood. E. Change the rate at which the hormone is excreted into the urine. |
C. Modify the structure of the hormone at its point of production so it no longer binds its receptor.
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Which of the following is an amine hormone important in the stress response in vertebrates?
A. dopamine B. melatonin C. cortisol D. epinephrine E. serotonin |
D. epinephrine
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulates
A. follicle-stimulating hormone. B. luteinizing hormone. C. steroid production by the gonads. D. both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones. E. both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones as well as steroid production by the gonads. |
E. both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones as well as steroid production by the gonads.
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Often it is important for health reasons to induce labor (i.e., smooth muscle contractions) in pregnant women. The drugs used for this purpose would most closely resemble
A. arginine vasotocin. B. oxytocin. C. antidiuretic hormone. D. prolactin. E. cortisol. |
B. oxytocin.
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A problem with the action or production _______ leads to both type I and type II diabetes mellitus
A. glucagon B. growth hormone C. thyroid hormone D. insulin E. cortisol |
D. insulin
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