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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What division/class/series has a dikroytic secondary mycelium?
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Hymenomycetes
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What are some examples of a hymenomycetes?
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Coprinus (inky cap commone lawn mushroom)
Agaricus (common edible mushroom) Amanita (deadly species) bracket fungi, polypores, and coral fungi |
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What is the genus of a puffball?
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Lycoperdone
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What is the genus of the bird's nest fungus
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Crucibulum
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How do we distinguish the groups in Prostista?
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cell wall chemistry, food reserve, flagella/cillia, pigments
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What is the division Oomycota commonly known as?
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water molds
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What is the cell wall in Oomycota made of?
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cellulose
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What are some characteristics of Oomycota?
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coenocytic hyphae produced, motile cells with one tinsel and one whiplash flagellum, diploid with gametic meiosis, many=series plant parasites
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What is an example of an Oomycota?
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Saprolegnia-"ich" on fish, has asexual(zoospore) and sexual (gametes) for reproduction
-Plasmopara viticola ("drowney mildrew grape" bad on french wine fixed by Bordeaus Mixture -Phytophore infestans=caused potato famine |
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What is the division Myxomycota commonly known as?
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plasmodialor acellular slime molds
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What is the vegatative phase of Myxomycota?
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plasmodium=multinucleus blob of protoplasm
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what happens in the plasmodium of Myxomycota?
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the sporangia when meiosis is produced
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In the division Myxomycota what to the spore germinate to produce?
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myxamoebae and swarm cells
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What is the division Dictosteliomycota commonly known as?
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cellular slime molds
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What is the aggregation of amoebae in the vegitative stage calle?
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pseduoplasmodium, slug, or grex
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In the division dictosteliomycota, what does the sexual reproduction form?
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macrocysts
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In the division dictosteliomycota, what does asexual reproduction produce/
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sorocarps
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What does the Phylum Rhizopoda contain?
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amoebae, foraminiferans (calcium carbonate test), heliozoans and raiolarians (silica test)
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What are some examples in the Phylum Rhizopoda
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Amoeba, Entamoeba (internal human parasite)
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What are characteristics of the Phylum Zoomastiginia?
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protozoa with flagella, grouped sometimes w/Rhizopoda
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What are some examples of Zoomastinginia?
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Trypanosoma gambinese (African sleeping sickness spread by tsetse fly), Trypanosoma cruzi ("kissing bug" beatle bites around the eyes), Giardia-water pollutant
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What are some example of something in the Phylum Ciliophora?
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paramecium, stentor, vorticella
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What are some characteristics of the Phylum Apicomplexa
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generally referred to as "sporozoans," no organelle for locomotion in adult stage, all species endoparisites
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What is an example of something in the Phylum Apicomplexa?
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Plasmodium vivax (malaria spread by female mosquitoes)
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What is the "golden-brown algae?"
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the division of Chrysophyta (under autotrophic protists)
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What are the 3 classes of Chrysophyta?
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Xanthophyceae, Chrysophycae, Bacillariophyceae (diamtoms)--but genearlly separate divisions
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What is a diatoms divison?
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Bacillariophyta
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What does Bacillariophyta contain?
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chlorphyll a andc
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What are the cell wall of Bacillariophyta made of?
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silicon
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What are the two parts diatoms are constructed in/
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frustules and valves
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What is pennate referring to?
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a type of diatom, generally found in freshwater w/bilateral symmetary, motile by gliding motion, raphe present
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What is centric referring to?
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a type of diatom, salt-water, non-motile and lack a raphe system, radial symmetary, secrete fats and lipids to float
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What are some examples of centric diatoms?
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Fragillaria & Asterionella
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How does Bacillariophyta reproduction work/
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asexual reproduction decreases cell size, then sexual reproduction after they get so small (haploid type)
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What is used as a filter and polishing indgredidant?
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diatomaceous Earth
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Where are there huge deposits of diatomaceous Earth?
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Lompoc, California
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What is the division of dinoflagellates?
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dinophyta
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What is a girdle flagellum vs a trailing flagellum? where are they found?
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girdle=around the middle of the cell
trailing=projecting posterior in dinophyta (dinoflagellates) |
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What are the two different types of dinoflagellates?
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armered=thick plates
unarmered=thin plates |
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What dinoflagellate produces bioluminesance?
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Noctiluca
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What species is responsible for red tides?
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dinoflagellates
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What are saxitoxins and what do they do/
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toxins from the red tides, can cause PSP could be fatal
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What is Pfiesteria piscida?
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a toxic dinoflagellate in fish found in NC, produces compound in air that makes people sick
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Where are zooanthellae found? what are they/
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occur as symbionts in invertebrates and protozoans (cells in coral)
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What are characteristics of the Euglenophyta?
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no rigid cell wall, flexible protein matrix called pellicle or periplast, store paramylon for food, eyespot, cannot synthesize B12, found in dirty water
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What is the division of brown algae?
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Phaeophyta
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Where is brown algae mostly found?
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cold marine water
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What does the membrane of brown algae contain/
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chlorophyll a and c
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What makes the brown color in brown algae?
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fucoxanthin
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What is the food reserve of brown algae?
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laminarin
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What does heterkont mean?
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both the tinsel and whiplash types of flagella and present (like in brown algae)
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What does the cell wall of brown algaee contain?
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cellulose and alginates
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What is the reproduction of rockweeds?
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diploid pattern
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What is the reproduction cycle of kelps?
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alternation of generation
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What is an example of a kelp and what division is it in?
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Laminaria
D=Phaeophyta |
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What is the reproduction cycle of a kelp?
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alternation of generations life cycle
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What do al diploid sporophytes have?
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blades, stipe and holdfast
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What is the genus of the primary kelp harvested?
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Macrocystis (has float for each blade, primary source of algin on West Coast)
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What is the genus of a kelp called the "bulk kelp"
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Nerocystis (central floats for all blades)
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What is obtained from kelp that is used in salad dressing?
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Alginates
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The rockweeds are in what division?
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Phaeophyta
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Where do most rockweeds occur?
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in the intertidal zones
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What is the reproductive cycle of rockweeds?
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diploid life cycles (gametic meiosis)
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What are the reproductive parts of the rockweeds?
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the swollen receptacle, contains the conceptacle, which produces sperm or eggs
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What is an example of a rockweed?
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fucus
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What is the only free-floating member of rockweeds/
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Sargassum natans, found in Sargasso Sea
-Postelsia-the sea palm |
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What is the divison of red algae?
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Rhodophyta
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where are red algae found?
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warm marine waters
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What are some characteristics of red algae/
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no motile cells, pigments are chlorophyll a and c, alternation of generations
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What are the cell walls of red algae made of?
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agar or carageenan
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What are the phycoblin pigments found in red algae?
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phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
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What are some examples of red algae?
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Polysiphonia and Corallina
Porphyra-a "nori" producing species |
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What is corallinia responsible for?
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making coral reefs, "encrusting" red algae
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What is Chondrus crispus and what division is it in?
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Irish moss used to make soap, Rhodophyta
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What is the common name of Chlorophyta?
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green algae
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What reproductive cycles are known in the division Chlorophyta?
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haploid and alternation of generations
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What division is the probable ancestors of the plant kindgom? why?
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chlorophyta
chlorophylls a and b starch cellulose cell walls only whiplash flagella |
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What are some examples of unicellular, motile forms of Chlorophyta?
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Chlamydomonas, isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy all occur
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What is isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy?
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isogamy=same
anisogamy=1 gamate bigger, but both swim oogamy=one bigger, doesn't swim |
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What creates red snow?
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chlamydomanas
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What is an example of a colonial, motile of division Chlorophyta?
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Volvox
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What is an example of a non-motile, colonial Chlorophyta?
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Hydrodictyon (water net)
Scenedesmus |
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What is an example of a unicellular, non-motiil Chlorophyta?
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macrosteria (has semi-cells)
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What is an example of an organism that has isomorphic alternation of generation in division Chlorophyta?
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Ulva (sea lettuce)
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What is a coenocytic example in the division Chlorophyta?
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acetabularia (mermaid's wineglass)
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What is the characteristics of a spirogyra?
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reproduce by conjugation, filamentous form, spiral chloroplast with pyrenoids
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The "bryophte groups" have which stage in the reproduction cycle longests?
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gametophyte
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What are bryophtes?
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liverworts, hornworts, mosses
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What is the division of liverworts?
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hepatophyta
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what are elaters?
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used to spread spores around
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What is an example of a leafy liverwort?
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Scapania
Porella |
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What is an example of a thallose liverwort?
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Conocephalum
marchantia |
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Where are leafy vs thallose liverworts common/
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leafy=tropical
thallose=temperate areas |
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What are gammae cups, where are they used?
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used w/marchantia in asexual reproduction
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where is the sporophyte generation located in the marchantia/
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underside of the archegoniophore
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What plant contains special underleaves that are modified into "pitchers," which help retain water?
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leafy Frullania
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What is the division of hornworts?
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Anthocerophyta
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What are some characteristics of Anthocerophyta?
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thallose forms, no leaves
single plastid per cell sex organis sunken in the thallus no protonema INDETERMINATE GROWTH no oil bodies |
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What is an esample of an Anthocerophyta?
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Anthoceros
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What is the division Bryophta's common name?
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mosses
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What are characteristics of Bryophyta?
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leaves not bilobed, many plastids per cell, no oil bodies present, rhizoids multicellular, sex organs free, determinate growth w/sporophyte, no elaters, PERISTONE TEETH
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What is the protonema stage? in what division does it happen?
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spores germinate to form branching filaments, Bryophyta
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What develops from the protonema in mosses?
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gametophores, at the tips antheridia and archegonia are produced
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What are sperm cells transferred to the archegonia in mosses?
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water splashes them
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What does the embryo develop into in the mosses?
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an elongated sporophte with a seta and capsule (with calyptra and operculum)
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how are spores produced in mosses?
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meiosis produces haploid spores
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How are mosses able to release their spores?
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hygroscopic peristome (composed of peristome teeth)
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What is an example of a moss that has antheridia and archaegonia?
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Mnium
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What is an example of a moss with capsules?
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Mnium and polytrichum
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How many species of moss are there worldwide?
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15,000
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What are the two basic growth forms of moss/
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acrocarpous-single terminal sporophytes
pleurocarpous-lateral sporophytes and are "creeping" mosses |
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What is a special characteristic of the Polytrichium?
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capsule produces an epiphragm and short teeth; "salt-shaker" dispersal
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What is the scientific name of a peat moss?
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Sphagnum
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What are some characteristics of Sphagnum?
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growth in acidic bogs
only commerically important Bryophyte no filamentous protonema has pseudopodium (female gametophye) |
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What specialized tissue is used to transfer water? food?
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xylem
phloem |
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What are groups becoming better adapted to?
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terrestrial environment
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What is an example and some characteristics of the division rhyiophyta?
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Rhynia (chert beds of England)
all extinct today Sporophytes had no roots or leaves sporangia produced one kind of spore=homosporous |
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What are some characteristiscs of the division Lycopodiophyta?
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plants w/true roots and microphyllous leaves
some species produce compacted sporophylls in cone or strobilus |
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What are some Lycopodiaphyta that are homosporous?
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Lycopodium and Huperzia
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What are some Lycopodiaphyta that are heterosporous?
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Isotes and Selaginella
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What is the difference between microphyllous and megaphyllous leaves?
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microphylls: most primitive, only one vein of xylem/phloem, no leaf gap
megaphylls: first evolve in ferns, branching veins, leaf gaps |
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What division is lycopodium in/
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Lycopodiophyta
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What are some unique things about lycopodium?
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common in New England
used as christmas decorations spores once used as photgraphic flash powder |
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What are some characteristics of Selaginella?
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heterosporous
microphyllous and megaphyllous leaves mega to female, micro to male found in variety of climates |
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What are some characteristics of Isotes?
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common name quillwort
heterosporous stem is a freshly "corm" grow in margins of ponds/lakes |
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What is the scientific name of "fossil trees"?
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Lepidodendron, forest giant of carboniferous period, helps w/present day coal deposits
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What division do ferns fall in/
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Pteridophyta
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What are "typical ferns" called?
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Filicales
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What are water ferns?
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Marsileales
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What are tree ferns?
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Marattiales
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What are Grape Ferns?
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Ophioglossales
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What are wisk ferns?
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Psilotales
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What are horsetails?
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Equisetales
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What are some characteristics of Filicales?
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plants w/megaphyllous leaves (called fronds) with leaf gaps
most species have no stem but a perennial rhizome all species are homosporous, except water ferns some species produce dimorhpic fronds |
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What is the pinna, rochis, frond, rhizome, and petiole?
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pinna=individual leaves
rochis=top of leaf frond=whole leaf petiole=part right about rhizome |
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what is circinate vernation/
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fronds developing in a coiled fashion
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What are young, coiled fronds called?
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fiddleheads, edible at this stage
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How do ferns produce sporophytes?
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meiosis in sporangia, fern plants are diploid sporophytes
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What are sori?
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clusters of sporangia on the underside of the pinnae
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What does epiphtes mean?
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ferns that grow in trees
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What order do ferns produce an erect stem/
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Marattiales
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What fern is most common in the US?
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Pleopeltis polypoides aka "resurrectioin fern"
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What is an exmaple of a water fern/
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Azolla
Marsilea |
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What is the genus of a fossil fern/
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Psoronius
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What is unique about the order Psillotailes of ferns?
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(wisk ferns), "reduced" ferns, no true roots or leaves, homospourous, erect "stem", underground "rhizome" dichotomous branching common
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What is an example of a fern in the order Psilotailes?
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Psilotum, produces trilobed sporangia on flaps of tissue called enations
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What are two common names that occur in the order Equisetales?
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horse tails and scouring rushes
characteristics: hollow, jointed stems mircrophyllous-like leaves homosporouse |
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How do leaves and branches occur in Equisetum?
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whorls, sporangiophores instead of sporophylls
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How are Equisetum constructed?
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spores w/2 wall layers, outer wall is hygroscopic and humidity changes cause unwrapping of elaters (4 arms)
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What is the Calamites?
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fossil horsetail reconstructions
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