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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neural crest
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embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
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chordate evolution
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led to vertebrates due to the innovation of a flexible rod to which muscles are atteched leading to lateral back movement.
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chordates all share:
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all share, at one time or another,:
-a nerve cord -a notochord -pharyngeal slits -a postanal tail |
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all chordates have
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in addition to these characteristics, all craniates have a cranium and neural crest
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vertebrates share
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-a vertebral column
-a distinctive head or skull -are different from other chordates in having a: -nueral crest -internal organs -a heart -enclosed circulatory system -endoskeleton made of bone |
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within the vertebrate sharing, what does the neural crest consist of?
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the neural crest consist of embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
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shared charasteristics for ostracoderms and lampreys
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both jawless
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when did the sharks and bony fish evolve?
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evelved during the early Devonian period
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Chondrichthyans
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-internal fertilization
-first vertebrates to develop teeth -buoyancy maintained by oil filled liver -color blind -teeth modified scales |
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consider: sharks and bony fish
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bony fish were successful due to adaptions that include:
-swim bladders -gill covers -lateral line systems -a counter-current exchange system in the gills |
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viviparous
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is a life birth and development in the placenta
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ovovivparous
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eggs that hatch inside the mother for live birth but no placenta develops
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operculum
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hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head of most bony fish
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lateral line
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a series of sensory organs that detect pressure waves in the water
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vertebrate jaws
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developed from 3rd pharyngeal arch of jawless fishes
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buccal pumping
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see in amphibians:
-involves pumping air into the lungs by raising the floor of the throat |
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metamorphosis
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-changing of one body form to another within a species.
Ex: a change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog |
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species richness in vertbrate group
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most rich: fish --> birds--> reptiles --> amphibains --> mammals
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where were amphibians thought to have evolved from?
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traditionally they were thought to have evolved from the lobe-finned fish, but now molecluar data seems to support the lung fish as an ancestor
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all amphibians have...
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-all have legs
-cutaneous respiration and lungs -partially didvided 3 chamber heart -pulmonary veins -reproduction depends on water |
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reptile adaptions for survival on land
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-the evolution of the amniotic egg
-dry skin -concentrated urine that resists water loss -thoracic breathing -reoriented appendages |
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what are all reptiles considered and why?
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all are ectotherms
-they all use behavior mechanisms to maintain internal body temperature |
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amniotic egg contains:
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-a shell (porous, protective covering)
-chorion (exchange of respirtory gases; retention of water) -amnion (encloses embryo within a fluid-filled cavity) -yolk sac (provides food for the embryo) -allantois (segregates nitrogenous waste from embryo) |
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Class Testudines
(turtles and tortoises) |
have a hard shell and are lacking teeth
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alligator and crocodiles nearest living relatives are?`
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-birds because they
-build nest -protect young -raise young -have a 4 chamber heart |
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how are birds different from alligators and crocodiles
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features of endothermy:
-lack of teeth -presence of feathers -flight skeleton |
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Ectotherm
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organinm that uses heat from outside source (usually sun) in conjunction with behavioral mechanism to maintian body temperature
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Consider: Ectotherm
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this characteristic allows a reptile to use less than 10% of the calories required by equal size endotherm
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Endotherm
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an organism that can regulate thier body temperature within close limits by using metabolism to generate body heat.
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Birds
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differ from all other living vertebrates in thier presence of feather and flight skeleton
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Consider: Birds
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flight necessitated efficient respiration and circulation, feathers, enodthermy, and hollow bones plus auxiliary air sacs. Air sacs promote continuous flow of air through the lungs thereby enhancing metabolism by making oxygen more readily available
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Epidermal placodes
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epidermal thickness that give rise to integumental covering such as feathers and hair
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therapsids
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thought to be ancestors to mammals
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mammals share traits with other living vertebrates except for?
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-share traits with other living vertebrates except for hair
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mammal specializations include
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-warm blood
-placenta in most -specialized digestive tract -increase in brain size -specialized teeth for diet |
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hair is good for?
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-acts as insulation
-camouflage -protection -defense -increase in sensory perception |
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monotremes
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different from other mammals in thier:
-laying of shells and eggs -restriction to Australia and New Guinea -lacking a placenta -having poorly developed nipples |
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opossum
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only North American marsupial
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Masupium
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marsupial sac where embryo develops and continues to grow.
*this structure distinguishes the marsupials |
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Eustachian tube
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formed from one pair of pharyngeal pouches in humans.
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Family Hominidae (Hominoids) include
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includes:
-orangutans -humans -chimps -gibbons -gorillas |
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Homo habilis
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handy man
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when did Homo sapiens show up?
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showed up less than 200,000 years ago
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who is the immediate ancestor of the Homo sapien?
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was probably Australopithecines
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Cro-Magnons
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-replaced Eurpean Neanderthals
-share the greatest similarities with modern humans |
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Primates
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-have grasping fingers and toes with opposable thumbs
-belong to order with: -lemurs -monkeys -apes -binocular vision giving visual acuity -increased brain size |
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primate have
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thier own origin in small, arboreal, insect-eating mammals
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Consider: Primates
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humans began to diverge from other primates around 6MYA
-Bipedalism was an adaption as earth cooled and forest changes into grassy landscapes and seems to have marked the beginning of hominids |
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Bipedal locomotion
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involved anatomy changes including
-a vertebral column with more pronounced curve -spinal cord exiting from the bottom of the skull instead of the back of the skull -a broader pelvis and changes in the proportions of the hip, knee, and foot |
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Bipedal locomotion advantages
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advantages that would lead to this adaption are:
-it requires less energy than walking on 4 legs -frees hands for carrying food -increases access to food -allows better surveillance for predators |
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Anthropoids
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-mostly diurnal
-changes in eye design -increased brain size -groups with complex interactions -includes monkeys, apes, and humans -**2 noticable differences between apes and monkeys is that apes have larger brains and monkeys have tails |
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Prosimians
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-small
-big eyed primates -live in trees with long balancing tails -nocturnal -only 2 lineages survive today |
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new world monkeys
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-spreading noses
-tails can grasp objects -evolved in SOuth AMerican isolation -all aboreal |
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hominoids
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include apes and humans
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In addition to the defining features of chordates, ALL craniates are distinguished by which of the following combination of features?
A. a cranium and a gnathostome B. a cranium and neural crest C. a cranium and protostome development D. a cranium and an ostracoderm E. a cranium and an operculum |
B. a cranium and neural crest
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The neural crest consists of:
A. embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube B. embryonic cells that form the kidney C. clusters of Hox genes D. cells that form hair follicles E. cells that lie along the crest of the spine |
A. embryonic cells on each side of the neural tube
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Species that retain the eggs within the female but do not nourish them via a placenta are:
A. ovoviviparous B. viviparous C. oviparous D. hermaphroditic E. parthenogenetic |
A. ovoviviparous
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The lateral line is:
A. a lateral stripe on the side of male fish that aids in sex-recognition B. a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water C. the row of fins along the sides of eels D. the row of pharyngeal slits along each side of the heads of fish E. the row of small blocks of cartilage along each side of the notochord of agnathan fishes |
B. a series of sensory organs that detects pressure waves in the water
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Buccal pumping is:
A. pumping blood from the atria to the ventricle B. pumping air into the lungs by raising the floor of the throat C. pumping blood from the ventricle to the body D. pumping wastes through the kidneys E. pumping blood from the ventricle to the atria |
Buccal pumping is:
A. pumping blood from the atria to the ventricle B. pumping air into the lungs by raising the floor of the throat C. pumping blood from the ventricle to the body D. pumping wastes through the kidneys E. pumping blood from the ventricle to the atria |
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Metamorphosis is:
A. changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog B. an intermediate condition, such as length of legs in mice between longer legs of some mice and shorter legs in others, a condition caused by Hox genes C. the developmental changing of a scale to a feather D. the evolutionary transition from fishes to amphibians E. none of the choices provided |
A. changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog
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Reptiles are better adapted to life on land than are amphibians. Which of the following statements best describes their advantage?
A. Reptiles have an egg with an amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion, and shell. B. Reptiles have a skin that resists loss of water by evaporation. C. Reptiles breathe by expanding the rib cage. D. Reptiles have the ability to concentrate urine. E. All the other choices provided are correct. |
E. All the other choices provided are correct.
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Animals capable of producing their own body heat by way of metabolism and of retaining it are said to be:
A. metabolic B. thermogenic C. thermodynamic D. endothermic E. All of the choices provided are correct. |
D. endothermic
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Epidermal placodes are:
A. epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as feathers and hair B. epidermal thickenings that give rise to the lateral line system C. epidermal thickenings that lead to the formation of mesoderm D. epidermal thickenings that give rise to skin glands E. none of the choices provided |
A. epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as feathers and hair
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of hair?
A. insulation B. sensory perception C. camouflage D. protection and defense E. All the choices provided are correct. |
A. epidermal thickenings that give rise to integumental coverings such as feathers and hair
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