Bio 1A Lecture 14

Front 1

two types of microrganism

Back 1

Prokaryotes: eubacteria and Archae

Eukaryotes: Fungi and protozoa

Front 2

bacteria divide by ____

Back 2

binary fission (very fast)

**2^n n=10, 20, 30, 40

Front 3

2^10 =

2^20 =

2^30 =

Back 3

1000

1*10^6

1*10^9

Front 4

ecoli is has how many ____ base pair and chromosome

Back 4

4.3x10^6 bp in its chromosome

*only 1 chromosome

Front 5

there are errors that occur during replications which leads changes to the genome called mutation. Their frequency is about ____

Back 5

10^-9 / base pair / cell division

Front 6

How does a phage looks like? how many gene does a phage contains

Back 6

*Chromosome inside
*DNA--- motor (pump) burn DNA to pump to the head of the virus

**smallest phage is 5000 genes

**biggest phate is 1000 genes

**phage chromosome packed under pressure--- ATP power the pump (60 megapascals of pressure)

Front 7

why do phage do that? have so much pressrue

Back 7

so that when a phage ecounters a bacterial cell on the surface they can put thier chromosome in there like a wire spring.

Front 8

what are the two lifestyle of phage (which also applies to human viruses)?

Back 8

1. lytic e.g T4
2. lysogenic e.g Lambda

Front 9

describe lytic (T4)

Back 9

when it affects the cell it immdiately take over the replication capacity of the cell to make more phage parts. Overtime phage part will be made independently. Later on they assemble to new phage particle. And the gene in the phage make detergent that lysed the baterial cells

Front 10

lysogenic life cycle

Back 10

has the capacity to sense its environment

1. infect into a cell
2. want to intergrate its chromosome into the bacterial chrom. **a better survival
3. as bacteria replicate and divide it also replicates lambda chromosomes as well
4. when cell gets back to good state of health. the phage switches to a lytic patter makes more of itself

Front 11

lysogen

Back 11

are cell harboring a quescent prohage

Front 12

sex in bacteria has no love its all about DNA exchange. Only exchange DNA w/ their species. What are the 3 kinds of sex?

Back 12

Transformation, conjugation, transduction

Front 13

transformation: following will be the discovery of hoemophilis and how transformation works] who discover hoemophilis?

Back 13

Hamilton Smith

Front 14

Hoemophilias looks for better variant genes of another hemophills (that's dying) to transmit to themself to it. how does it do that?

Back 14

they have a receptor on its surface that can recognized an eleven base pair sequence that is common in the hemophilus chromosome

Front 15

once it find it...

Back 15

it brings DNA to the cell and does not bring foriengn DNA to it.

Front 16

After that, it goes through a process called

Back 16

recombination

Front 17

what is recombination?

Back 17

hoemophilis gene can be swap for the incoming gene

Front 18

this is a mechanism for ____

Back 18

recognizing self minimizing the risk of taking unsafe DNA

Front 19

there are diff. bacteria that relies on diff. mechanism for self protection. name it or some?

Back 19

restrictive modification mechanims

Front 20

what does that mechanism do?

Back 20

it use restriction enzymes
**first an enzyme methylase put methyl grou onto sequence and no other sequence.
**bacteria then produce a restriction enzyme that will cut the sequence if it's not methylated
**restrition enzyme will destroy incoming phage (virus)

Front 21

[ Conjugation (another bacterial sex) ] Johsua Leaderberg discovered two types of bacteria what are they

Back 21

F= fertility plasmid

1. F+ ---> cells that have fertility plasmid
2. F- ---> has no plasmid

Front 22

F plasmid is also called a _____ plasmid. It lives to move itself from one cell to another

Back 22

conjugated

Front 23

F encodes a protein called ____

Back 23

pilus

Front 24

a pillus assembles into a _____

Back 24

channel connecting to diff. bacterial cells

Front 25

when channel is establish DNA replication makes ___

Back 25

a copy of the F plasmid and transfer it (that copy) to the recipient cell. connecting is separated.

Front 26

when it separate the donor ____

Back 26

has donated its F plasmid to recipeints.

Front 27

F+ cells replicate slower/faster than F-

Back 27

slower

Front 28

Phage are also able to recognize pilus? which F is more easily attached by phage virus?

Back 28

male F+

Front 29

so, what kind of sex does conjungation have?

Back 29

nonconsensual sex

Front 30

[skip tranduction new topic now] what are DNA transposable elements

Back 30

they contains two genes called transposase and Drug

Front 31

transposase allows

Back 31

a piece of DNA to jump from one place to the other

Front 32

drugs controls

Back 32

resistance to drugs

Front 33

For example in enterobacteria faecalis : If O mate with S result____

Back 33

hoping of the transposon off the F plasmid into the S chromosomes

Front 34

thus this gives rise to ____

Back 34

drug resistence in saricus (S) [bad]

Front 35

Gives examples of bacterias that become resistence due to human creation of drugs?

Back 35

**Pencillium (1920) discovered by Flaming and synthesis by Floury

**Methiallian

Front 36

how does penecillium becomes resistence

Back 36

S aureus becomes resistant to Penicillian---> picking up a jump gene that encodes Beta lactomase an enzymes that breaks the lactum ring in penicillian

Front 37

what is methicillin

Back 37

a derivatives of penicillium; however, s aureus becomes resistence to methicillian