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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hox homiobox genes
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individual genes that control the body plan, the organization fo an entire animal
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replication
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copying DNA to make DNA
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transcription
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copying DNA to make a messenger or RNA copy of DNA
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translation
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protein synthesis
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cis unsaturated fats
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good fat, liquid at room temp
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phosphatidyl serine
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glycerol and 2 fatty acids
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hydrophobic effect
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interactions between non polar substances are not driven so much by direct interaction but rather by the increase in entrophy when the solvent cages combine
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galactocerebroside
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sugar instead of phosphate group on head of lipid
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cholestrol
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synthesizes steriods and found inside membrane; fluidity of membrane
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statins
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poisons an early enzyme in the pathway that leads to cholestrol synthesis
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peptide bond
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holds together successive amino acids; between carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next, spitting out a hydrogen
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Aromatic R group
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TRYptophan, TYRosine, PHEnylalanine
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Negatively Charged R groups
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ASPartate, GLUtamate
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Positively Charged R groups
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HIStidine, LYSine, ARGinine
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pKa
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pH at which 50% of compound is ionized
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primary level
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sequence of amino acids
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initiation codon
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reading frame established; AUG
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tRNA
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brings specific amino acid to growing polypeptide chain
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secondary level
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two types of secondary structure: alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
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tertiary structure
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overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide
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quarternary
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shape produced by combinations of polypeptide
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domain
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regions of a protein which fold into a discrete structure and usually serve a specific purpose
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prosthetic groups
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small organic molecules, sometimes containing a metal, that bind usually non-covalently withing the 3D structure of a protein giving that protein an interesting or functional property
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chemical complementarity
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lock and key; loops, ridges, grooves; functional groups that can have chemical interactions
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sickle cell anemia
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a single amino acid mutation in the beta chain of hemoglobin
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how to denature a protein
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break non-covalent interactions using heat, acid, detergent, reducing agent, reducing disulfide bonds
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Anfinsen experiment
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primary amino acid sequence defines structure
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prion diseases
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because of unfolded proteins; Mad Cow Disease; catalyzes misfolding of normal protein
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