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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do amino acids polymerize? |
dehydration rxns of the backbone |
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monomer |
small repeated units |
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polymer |
long chain molecules consisting of similar building blocks |
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how are polymers linked? |
covalent bonds |
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What are lactose and sucrose? |
Polysaccharides |
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What are sugars and what are they used for ? |
Monosaccharides , used as energy |
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What is the function of carbohydrates? |
both energy storage and structural molecules. MACROMOLECULE (CH2O multiples) |
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What are polysaccharides? |
long, possibly branched , chains of monsaccharides |
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What is a starch and where can it be found? |
polysaccharide of glucose molecules; found in plants (linear/moderately branched) |
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What is glycogen? |
very branched polysaccharide found in animals (liver/mm cells) |
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cellulose |
unbrached polysaccharide; **alternating alpha glucose and beta glucose units;hydrogen bonds bond very strongly to other cellulose molecules (tree bark) |
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where is chitin found? |
polysaccharides commonly found in arthropods/fungi; similar to cellulose |
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What do lipids have? |
contain long carbon chains; NOT MADE OF SUBUNITS!! |
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what is a fat made of? |
3 carbon alcohol molecules connected to 3 fatty acid molecules |
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how are the bonds that connect glycerols and fatty acids made? |
dehydration rxns (from ester linkages) |
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what types of bonds do saturated fats have? |
not C=C double bonds; solid at higher temps |
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unsaturated fats have what kind of bonds? |
one or more C=C double bonds |
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why are trans fats trans? |
they form trans configurations |
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what configuration are most bonds in fats? |
cis-confirmation |
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what are phospholipids for? |
structure (glycerol attached to 2 fatty acids, 3rd replaced by phosphate/choline groups) |
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what parts of phospholips are hydrophobic/philic? |
hydrophobic head; hydrophilic tail |
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what creates cell walls? |
phospholipid bilayers |
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what are steroids? |
lipids with carbo skeletons! (4 rings) |
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what is cholesterol? |
a steroid lipid (testosterone/estrogen) |
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what determines primary structure? |
sequence of amino acids in polypeptide |
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what forms secondary structure? |
formed by weak interactions of the backbone (alpha helix/beta pleated sheets) |
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what determines tertiary structure? |
formed by side chain interactions; sets over all shape of protein |
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what forms quaternary structure? |
formed by interactions between multiple polypeptide chains |
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what leads to higher order structure? |
primary structure (ex: sickle cell) |
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what does it mean to be denatured? |
changes in folding pattern |
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what can denature a protein? |
heat, physical stress, or chemicals |
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what helps proteins fold correctly? |
chaperonins |
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how are nucleic acids (polymers btw) connected? |
sugar-phosphate backbones |
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how do cells store info? |
DNA (nucleotide sequences) |
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how are base pairs connected? |
hydrogen bonds (both DNA and RNA) |
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how is info copied? |
separating the strands and synthesizing the new one using the old strand as a template |
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what are functions of RNA? |
can act as a catalyst, guide protein formation (working copies), then broken down; protein synthesis machinery relies on RNA |
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eukaryote |
have membrane bound organelles (nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, & chloroplasts **plants) |
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prokaryotes |
single cell orgs (no tissues/no specialization) |
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What does the endomembrane system do? |
regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions |
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ER |
synthesis factory (membrane and protein synthesis) |
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rough ER |
with ribosomes (protein synthesis complexes) |
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transmembrane proteins |
span entirety of protein (water soluble) |
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Surface area |
increases slower than cell volume; one does not rely on the other |
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nucleus |
where DNA is stored (in chromosomes/DNA-protein complexes) |
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golgi apparatus |
stack of flat membrane sacs that package vesicles & send them around the cell (mail room!!) |
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all cells have what in common? |
plasma membrane |
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lysosomes |
phagocytosis/autophagy; digestive compartments that break stuff down |
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vacuoles |
big membrane-bound storage compartments; plants have large ones that take up most if the cell space (keeps cell rigid) |
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vesicles |
phospholipid bilayer bubbles! move compounds around the cell. |
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How do vesicles transfer its contents? |
pinch off from one embrane and merge with another
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how is ATP produced? |
in mitochondria with glucose and O2 |
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endosymbiont |
living in the cells or body of another organism |
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Chloroplasts |
Endosymbiont of plants, where photosynthesis occurs. (Water + CO2) |
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What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common? |
Inner outer membranes, inner membrane. ( mitochondrial matrix and chloroplast and thylakoid) |
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Do chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA? |
Yes each have their own DNA |
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What happens in a peroxisome? |
Oxidation (hydrogen peroxide production) |
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What does the cytoskeleton do? |
Give cells structure |
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What are the 3 categories of cytoskeleton? |
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate philaments |
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What are microtubules made of? |
Tubulin (alpha tubulin & beta tubulin) |
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What are microfilaments made of? |
Actin |
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What are intermediate filaments made of? |
Different proteins (keratins/lamins) |
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How do microtubules grow and shrink? |
By adding or removing subunits at both ends |
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Where are microtubules organized? |
At the centrosome |
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What is the core of motile cilia and flagella? |
Ring of 9 Microtubules with 2 at the center |
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What do microtubules allow? |
Motor proteins to carry things across (a bridge) |
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What is a gap junction? |
Pores between adjacent cells that allow them to exchange cellular material |
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What are plant extracellular matrices made out of? |
Cellulose |
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What do actin fibers do? |
Pull parts of cells together (rope) |
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What is a more permanent scaffolding than tubulin or actin filaments? |
Intermediate filaments |
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What can the extracellular matrix do? |
Change the behaviors of cells |
