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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
____ - the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
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Metabolism
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____ - covalent bond is broken
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Chemical reaction
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____ - process by which one or more substances are changed into other substances, chemical bonds are broken and new ones are formed.
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Chemical reaction
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____ - assembling larger molecules from smaller ones, requires energy input
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Anabolism
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____ - break down of larger molecules, results in energy output
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Catabolism
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____ - energy of motion
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Kinetic energy
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____ - energy stored in chemical bonds
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Potential energy
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____ = chemical energy
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Potential energy
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Covalent bonds in glucose ____.
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store energy
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1st law of thermo - ____.
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energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred from one form to another
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____ - the measure of disorder in a system
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Entropy
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2nd law of thermodynamics - ____.
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each energy transfer is accompanied by an increase in the entropy of a system
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Every time you move energy some is ____, typ as ____ (random movement of electrons)
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lost
heat |
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____ - ability to promote change, capacity to perform work
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Energy
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Energy in a reaction, ____
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ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
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____ - the unusable energy
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Entropy (S)
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____ - useable energy present
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Free energy (G)
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____ - all energy present
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Enthalpy (H)
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____ - ability to promote change, capacity to perform work
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Energy
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____ means energy release, ____
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-ΔG
Exergonic Reaction |
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____ means energy uptake, ____.
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+ΔG
Endergonic reaction |
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Energy in chemical bonds is less at the end. Sometimes called "spontaneous" under certain conditions. |
Exergonic reaction -
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Energy in chemical bonds is greater at the end. |
Endergonic reaction-
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____ reactions acquire energy from ____ ones.
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Endergonic
exergonic |
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_____
More ordered to less ordered forms Energy is lost in each transfer (remember the energy loss across each trophic level) |
Metabolism
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Both endergonic and exergonic reactions need some ____ to get going (____)
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energy input
activation energy |
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At the end of the reaction if it is ____ - molecules at a higher energy level and if it is ____, molecules at a lower energy level.
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endergonic
exergonic |
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____ speed the rate at which all reactions occur.
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Catalysts
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Enzymes lower activation energy.
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Create favorable conditions
Stress chemical bonds Overcome repulsion. |
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An enzyme ____ reactant molecules and brings them close together.
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strains
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____ = 100 dollar bill
____ = 20 dollar bills ____ = quarter |
Fat
glucose ATP |
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____ - add water to break a bond.
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Hydrolysis
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____ provides just the right amount of energy for all the reactions taking place.
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ATP
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___ is prevalent because it is the "right amount of change" for each chemical reaction that uses it.
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ATP
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____ - enhance the reaction.
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Catalyze
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Steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
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1. Substrates enter catalytic pocket.
2. Enzyme-substrate complex forms. 3. Substrate converted to products. 4. Products are released. |
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____ bind to active sites, now have an ____
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Substrates
enzyme-substrate complex |
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____ can be just 1 amino acid or say all nonpolar amino acids etc
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Specificity
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____ are affected by pH, temperature, saturation
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Enzymes
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Enzymes have degrees of ____ for substrates.
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specificity
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____ refers to a snug "lock and key" fit.
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Specificity
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____ may have prosthetic groups, cofactors, and coenzymes associated with them. ____
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Enzymes
(supportive cast) |
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____ is all about turning that 100 and 20 dollar bill and turning that into quarters.
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Cell respiration
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____ is the "electron slut".
____ is at the end of the whole process the final electron acceptor. |
Oxygen
Oxygen |
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Common features of metabolism
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CGIUFR
Comprised of metabolic pathways Generation and use of ATP for energy Use oxidation-reduction (Redox) reaction Inhibitors Feedback inhibition Rate limiting steps |
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____ - changes the shape of the enzyme
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Noncompetitive Inhibitors
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Inhibitors -
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Noncompetitive
Competitive |
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____ - bind to active site
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Competitive inhibitor
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____ - bind to regulatory site on enzyme
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Noncompetitive inhibitor
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____ - shut down the pathway when you have plenty of product.
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Feedback inhibition
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____ - accumulation of products from further down pathways inhibit earlier steps
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Feedback inhibition
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____ - Certain enzymes that you can shut down and effectively shut down metabolic pathway.
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Rate limiting steps
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____/____ - key enzymes control pathway flow
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Rate limiting steps / flux generating reactions
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____ provides energy for many endergonic reactions.
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ATP hydrolysis
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The energy to make _____ comes from catabolic reactions that are exergonic.
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ATP
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ATP hydrolysis provides the energy for cellular processes that are ____.
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endergonic
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A ____ pathway is characterized by multiple chemical conversions.
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metabolic
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____ to ____, like an electron shuttle for electrons, it goes back and forth between oxidized and reduced state.
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NAD
NADH |
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____ requires energy input from ATP.
____ reaction requires energy |
Transamination
uphill |
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Often metabolic pathways are controlled by ____.
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feedback inhibition
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