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60 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
____ - the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
Metabolism
____ - covalent bond is broken
Chemical reaction
____ - process by which one or more substances are changed into other substances, chemical bonds are broken and new ones are formed.
Chemical reaction
____ - assembling larger molecules from smaller ones, requires energy input
Anabolism
____ - break down of larger molecules, results in energy output
Catabolism
____ - energy of motion
Kinetic energy
____ - energy stored in chemical bonds
Potential energy
____ = chemical energy
Potential energy
Covalent bonds in glucose ____.
store energy
1st law of thermo - ____.
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred from one form to another
____ - the measure of disorder in a system
Entropy
2nd law of thermodynamics - ____.
each energy transfer is accompanied by an increase in the entropy of a system
Every time you move energy some is ____, typ as ____ (random movement of electrons)
lost
heat
____ - ability to promote change, capacity to perform work
Energy
Energy in a reaction, ____
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
____ - the unusable energy
Entropy (S)
____ - useable energy present
Free energy (G)
____ - all energy present
Enthalpy (H)
____ - ability to promote change, capacity to perform work
Energy
____ means energy release, ____
-ΔG
Exergonic Reaction
____ means energy uptake, ____.
+ΔG
Endergonic reaction
____
Energy in chemical bonds is less at the end.
Sometimes called "spontaneous" under certain conditions.
Exergonic reaction -
____
Energy in chemical bonds is greater at the end.
Endergonic reaction-
____ reactions acquire energy from ____ ones.
Endergonic
exergonic
_____
More ordered to less ordered forms
Energy is lost in each transfer (remember the energy loss across each trophic level)
Metabolism
Both endergonic and exergonic reactions need some ____ to get going (____)
energy input
activation energy
At the end of the reaction if it is ____ - molecules at a higher energy level and if it is ____, molecules at a lower energy level.
endergonic
exergonic
____ speed the rate at which all reactions occur.
Catalysts
Enzymes lower activation energy.
____
Create favorable conditions
Stress chemical bonds
Overcome repulsion.
An enzyme ____ reactant molecules and brings them close together.
strains
____ = 100 dollar bill
____ = 20 dollar bills
____ = quarter
Fat
glucose
ATP
____ - add water to break a bond.
Hydrolysis
____ provides just the right amount of energy for all the reactions taking place.
ATP
___ is prevalent because it is the "right amount of change" for each chemical reaction that uses it.
ATP
____ - enhance the reaction.
Catalyze
Steps of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
1. Substrates enter catalytic pocket.
2. Enzyme-substrate complex forms.
3. Substrate converted to products.
4. Products are released.
____ bind to active sites, now have an ____
Substrates
enzyme-substrate complex
____ can be just 1 amino acid or say all nonpolar amino acids etc
Specificity
____ are affected by pH, temperature, saturation
Enzymes
Enzymes have degrees of ____ for substrates.
specificity
____ refers to a snug "lock and key" fit.
Specificity
____ may have prosthetic groups, cofactors, and coenzymes associated with them. ____
Enzymes
(supportive cast)
____ is all about turning that 100 and 20 dollar bill and turning that into quarters.
Cell respiration
____ is the "electron slut".
____ is at the end of the whole process the final electron acceptor.
Oxygen
Oxygen
Common features of metabolism
CGIUFR
Comprised of metabolic pathways
Generation and use of ATP for energy
Use oxidation-reduction (Redox) reaction
Inhibitors
Feedback inhibition
Rate limiting steps
____ - changes the shape of the enzyme
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Inhibitors -
Noncompetitive
Competitive
____ - bind to active site
Competitive inhibitor
____ - bind to regulatory site on enzyme
Noncompetitive inhibitor
____ - shut down the pathway when you have plenty of product.
Feedback inhibition
____ - accumulation of products from further down pathways inhibit earlier steps
Feedback inhibition
____ - Certain enzymes that you can shut down and effectively shut down metabolic pathway.
Rate limiting steps
____/____ - key enzymes control pathway flow
Rate limiting steps / flux generating reactions
____ provides energy for many endergonic reactions.
ATP hydrolysis
The energy to make _____ comes from catabolic reactions that are exergonic.
ATP
ATP hydrolysis provides the energy for cellular processes that are ____.
endergonic
A ____ pathway is characterized by multiple chemical conversions.
metabolic
____ to ____, like an electron shuttle for electrons, it goes back and forth between oxidized and reduced state.
NAD
NADH
____ requires energy input from ATP.
____ reaction requires energy
Transamination
uphill
Often metabolic pathways are controlled by ____.
feedback inhibition