Bio 183 Lect 20 (Final)

Front 1

____ - refers to a series of changes in the state of the cell, tissue, organ or organism

Back 1

Development

Front 2

Underlying process that gives rise to the structure and function of living organisms

Back 2

Development

Front 3

____ aimed at understanding how gene expression controls this process

Back 3

Developmental genetics

Front 4

____-
Sperm and egg unite to produce a zygote
That diploid cell divides and develops into the embryo
Cells divide and begin to arrange themselves
Each cell becomes determined, destined to become a particular cell type

Back 4

Development

Front 5

____ occurs before ____- cells function and morphology have permanently changed into a highly specialized cell type

Back 5

Commitment
differentiation

Front 6

____ – large chromosomes, big enough easy to work with

Back 6

Fruit fly

Front 7

____ – multicellular organism that we know excruciating details that form the first zygote we know the fate of every cell in the organism, and the reverse where every single cell in the adult cam from

Back 7

Roundworm

Front 8

____, Simplest that we know about, drosophila is the next simplest..

Back 8

Roundworm

Front 9

Often can track this because add dye to an initial progenitor cell and see where the dye itself migrates.

Back 9

pattern of cell division and fate of each cell

Front 10

____ – do not know developmental patterns nearly as much, because it is much more complex.

Back 10

House mouse

Front 11

____, look at their eggs easier to do because of big eggs.

Back 11

Zebrafish

Front 12

Plant – ____ wild mustard family, many greens are in this family, (broccoli, cabbage lettuce etc)

Back 12

Arabidopsis (thale cress)

Front 13

Plant bodies are formed along a ____ axis in a ____ pattern.

Back 13

root-shoot
radial

Front 14

Once you get past the point where all the cells are the same, it is now about ____ that will dictate your fate.

Back 14

where you are

Front 15

Originally a cell is ___- can be any cell in the body

Back 15

totipotent

Front 16

Initial part of ____ is forming a body and setting in place formation with 3 axes.

Back 16

development

Front 17

_____ –
Not only going from 1 to a whole lot of cells, but creating an organism with a specific form.

Back 17

Pattern formation

Front 18

A ____ pattern of development takes place.

Back 18

synchronized

Front 19

3 body axes...

Back 19

dorso ventral – is front and back
anteroposterior is top and bottom (human head and butt)
right-left

Front 20

Pattern formation –
May also be ____. (in higher animals, see segmentation only in early development)

Back 20

segmented

Front 21

____ - has differentiated enough form their neighbors that there is now cells that they cannot differentiate into, and some that they can differentiate into

Back 21

Pluripotent

Front 22

____, originally ectoderm versus endoderm and then onto muscle cell versus liver cell etc.

Back 22

Differentiation

Front 23

Cell responds to signal, may receive ____ signal ex. Originally webbing between fingers that is killed off to get the nice digits we have.

Back 23

apoptosis

Front 24

Each cell receives ____ that tells it where ot go and what to become

Back 24

positional information

Front 25

Cell may respond by

Back 25

Cell division,
cell migration,
cell differentiation
cell death (apoptosis)

Front 26

Positional information -
Each cell in the body will become appropriate cell type based on its ____

Back 26

relative position

Front 27

____ -
Group of bid working towards creating a limb, one move towards differentiation to create the limb, then further differentiation within that limb for all the different cell types .

Back 27

Limb bud differentiation

Front 28

A protein and its ____ as it moves though the hand differentiates the differences between the fingers, starting at the pinky and then towards the thumb

Back 28

concentration gradient

Front 29

Differential gene expression in the cells
____ affect each other
Gene expression is affected by the chemical messengers

Back 29

Neighboring cells

Front 30

____- proteins that are involved in more differentiation.

Back 30

Morphogens

Front 31

____ - cells that are stuck to each other can communicate with each other

Back 31

Cell adhesion

Front 32

2 main mechanisms used to communicate positional information to cells during development -

Back 32

morphogens
cell adhesion.

Front 33

____ dependent matter - ex fingers on hand..

Back 33

Concentration

Front 34

Morphogens are present in the ____, (waiting to tell the zygote what to do and how to do it)

Back 34

unfertilized egg

Front 35

____ - give postional information and promote cellular changes

Back 35

Morphogens

Front 36

____ - act in a concentration dependent manner with a critical threshold concentration

Back 36

Morphogens

Front 37

Are distributed asymmetrically, in the oocyte or egg precursor, in the embryo by secretion and transport

Back 37

Morphogens

Front 38

____ - cells govern fate of neighboring cells.

Back 38

Induction

Front 39

____ - asymmetric synthesis and extracellular distribution of a morphogen

Back 39

Induction

Front 40

____ distribution of morphogens in the ____.

Back 40

Assymmetric
oocyte

Front 41

____ "one side is the developing stuff and the other is the yolk to feed it"

Back 41

animal pole and vegetable pole

Front 42

____ - each cell makes its own cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Back 42

Cell adhesion

Front 43

____ of a cell within a multicellular organism is strongly influenced by the combination of ____ it makes with other cells and with the ____

Back 43

Positioning
contacts
extracellular matrix

Front 44

Highly synchronized pattern of ____ being formed, then gene expression of other proteins.

Back 44

transcription factors

Front 45

Compare fruit fly to human, certain ____ are similar, many of the core regulators that are there for the fruit fly are also there for the mammal.

Back 45

transcription factors

Front 46

____ - certain genes expressed at specific phase of development in a particular cell type

Back 46

Differential gene regulation

Front 47

Four general phases for body formation -

Back 47

SBAM
Organize body along major axes
Organize into smaller regions (organs, legs)
Cells organize to produce body parts
Cells themselves change morphologies and become differentiated

Front 48

Parallel between phases and expression of specific ____

Back 48

transcription factors

Front 49

____ create segmentation

Back 49

Somites

Front 50

____, this is replaced by the spinal cord and vertical column in higher animals.

Back 50

Notochord

Front 51

A lot of early differentiation takes place in the _____.

Back 51

1st trimester.

Front 52

____ - has the ability to give rise to any cell

Back 52

Totipotent

Front 53

____ - ultimate stem cell is fertilized egg, can produce all adult cell types.

Back 53

Totipotent

Front 54

____ - embryonic cells, can differntiate into almost any cell but a single cell has lost the ability to produce an entire individual

Back 54

Pluripotent

Front 55

____ - has some differentiation that has taken place, so cannot differentiate into any cell

Back 55

Pluripotent

Front 56

Totipotent cell, the ____

Back 56

fertilized egg

Front 57

____ - cluster of cells, have slightly differentiated this cluster of cells will give rise to a blastocyst

Back 57

Pluripotent

Front 58

Adult ____ stem cells -
In testes And other hematopoietic stem cells

Back 58

unipotent

Front 59

____ - can differentiate far fewer types of cells, hematopoietic stem cells

Back 59

Multipotent

Front 60

____ - daughter cells become only one cell type, stem cells in testis produce only sperm

Back 60

Unipotent

Front 61

All long bones contribute to ____, ex. Femur, pelvis, arm bones

Back 61

hematopoetic stem cells

Front 62

____ allow you to keep up blood cells, white blood cells, immune stuff etc.

Back 62

Stem cells

Front 63

2 key features of complex plant morphology

Back 63

Root-shoot axis
Radial pattern

Front 64

Plant development

Similarities to animal development

Back 64

Use differential gene expression
Use of transcription factors

Front 65

Plant development

Differs from animal development

Back 65

No cell migration
No morphogens
An entirely new individual can be regenerated from somatic cells (totipotent)

Front 66

Two zones of growth, root ____ etc
And patterns

Back 66

towards water
toward light

Front 67

Cluster, growth/differentiation due to ____

Back 67

environmental conditions

Front 68

____ and ____, highly extreme for chicken and nonexistent for frog.

Back 68

Animal
vegetable poles

Front 69

Explain that the ____ begins the developing embryo and the ____ becomes the nutrients the embryo requires but that they are still contained in the embryo itself

Back 69

animal pole
vegetable pole

Front 70

____ - some invagination, then quickly differentiation into 3 different dermal tissues (endo, ecto and meso derm), and it is now pluripotent..

Back 70

Neurulation

Front 71

Tadpole to adult, from herbivore to carnivore, this requires some ____

Back 71

differentiation

Front 72

Just lots of variation in ____ in early stages.

Back 72

vertebrates

Front 73

Want the ____ to implant in the uterine wall

Back 73

blastocyst

Front 74

____, fertilized at top of fallopian tube, fertilized egg slowly goes through developmental stages, it can implant in tube and that is life threatening to the adult female.

Back 74

Tubal pregnancy

Front 75

Typically, ____ is outside, ____ middle and ____ inside..

Back 75

ecto
meso
endo

Front 76

____ - digestive tube, pharynx, respiratory tube

Back 76

Endoderm

Front 77

____ - notochord, skeletal muscle cells, kidney tube red blood cells

Back 77

Mesoderm

Front 78

____ - outer surface, CNS and PNS

Back 78

Ectoderm

Front 79

____ is a morphogen, often the concentration of the morphogen dictates what the cell will become.

Back 79

Activin

Front 80

As with difference in pinkie and thumb one ____

Back 80

chemical concentration gradient