Bio 183 Lect 19 (Final)

Front 1

____ environments - asexual reproduction

Back 1

Stable

Front 2

____ environments - sexual reproduction

Back 2

Unstable

Front 3

Alternation of generations -

Back 3

Alternate between a multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid form.

Front 4

Most plants are reversed, ____ is the dominant stage.

Back 4

sporophyte

Front 5

With plants after meiosis, you do not have immediate formation of ____ etc. Instead you have a lifestage of an "adult" ____ plant.


Ex. If you are walking along and see this you are looking at the gametophyte. Moss is a gametophyte, it is the haploid form, rarely you can see the sporophyte brownish stalks growing out of the greenish bed of gametophyte moss.

Back 5

zygote
haploid

Front 6

____ - sporophytes small and dependent on gametophyte

Back 6

Moss

Front 7

____ - sporophyte larger and independent while dependent gametophyte few-celled and contained within flowers

Back 7

Flowering plant

Front 8

Flower is basically an assembly designed to make sure that ____ meet.

Back 8

gametes

Front 9

The ____ is designed so the gametophytes can be successful. The flower is part of the _____.

Back 9

flower
sporophyte

Front 10

Petals are the____, its role is to bring in the____, whatever those _____ are.

Back 10

attractors
pollinators
pollinators

Front 11

____ - often function to protect unopened flower bud

Back 11

Sepals

Front 12

____- usually serve in attraction of pollinators

Back 12

Petals

Front 13

____ and carpels produce distinctive spores by meiosis.

Back 13

Stamens

Front 14

____ are designed to attract pollinators

Back 14

Flowers

Front 15

____ -
One of the 2 sperm cells fertilized the egg to produce the diploid zygote. Other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei located in a different cell, produces endosperm by mitosis.

Back 15

Double fertilization

Front 16

___ is the plants food supply as a small embryo/food available to a plant while encased in a tiny seed.

Back 16

Endosperm

Front 17

____ - one of the two sperm cells in the male gametophyte, one of these sperm nuclei fuses with the egg to form the diploid zygote. The other sperm fuses with 2 nuclei (the polar bodies) located in a different cell, this becomes the endosperm by mitosis. This is a triploid cell 3n.

Back 17

Double fertilization

Front 18

____ - where the egg resides
Typically multiple chambers with multiple eggs residing within the ovary.

Back 18

Ovule

Front 19

____, where the pollen lands.

Back 19

"Sticky" stigma

Front 20

The ____ grows downward through the style and it "targets" the ovules, the chambers.

Back 20

pollen tube

Front 21

There are about ____ that comprise the female gametophyte.

Back 21

8 cells

Front 22

Once the ovule has been fertilized, the baby ____ is transformed into a ____.

Back 22

zygote
seed

Front 23

The ____ then "ripens" into whatever kind of fruit that the plants dispersal method produces.

Back 23

ovary

Front 24

____ is designed to float away, to get away from "mother plant" , they can grow up away from directing competing with familial organisms.

Back 24

Coconut

Front 25

____, all about getting something to consume it for dispersal.

Back 25

Cherry

Front 26

Fruit is a structure that encloses and helps ____ seeds.
____ helps reduce competition and allows colonization of new sites.
Fruits develop form ____ and sometimes other parts.

Back 26

disperse
Dispersal
ovary

Front 27

___ occurs if seed encounters favorable conditions.

Back 27

Germination

Front 28

____ absorbs water, becomes metabolically active, and grows out of seed coat.
Produces____.

Back 28

Embryo
seedling

Front 29

Seeds mature and then send signals to parent plant that they are "ready" for____. The zygote inside has to mature/grow to a certain point of development before it is ready to be ____ from the parent plant.

Back 29

dispersal
dispersed

Front 30

____ may then "hang out" for a certain time, weeks, months, years until it has appropriate conditions that it is time to ____.

Ex. Pine out west that needs a light fire to sear it.

Back 30

seed
germinate

Front 31

Once the seed ____, the seeds "metabolism" "shoots" off, the stems start going and the roots start going.
Once the leaves hit the light, now have the ____ and the specific signal cascade.

Back 31

germinates
greening response

Front 32

Seed germination and seedlings -
____ occurs if seed encounters favorable conditions
____ absorbs water, becomes metabolically active, and grows out of seed coat
Produces ____

Back 32

Germination
Embryo
seedling

Front 33

Pollen grain is the immature male____, it grows in the ____ in the flowers.

Back 33

gametophyte
anthers

Front 34

The pollen grains grown within the anthers, just as spermatogenesis in animals through ____ end up with 4 haploid microspores produced.

Back 34

meiosis

Front 35

Pollen grains -
Immature male ____
Develop within____
____ microspores produced

Back 35

gametophyte
anthers
4 haploid

Front 36

____ has a tough distinctive outer wall. It is designed to last until it can get to a sticky stigma of the right species.

Back 36

Pollen grain

Front 37

Early male gametophyte development-
Each ____ nucleus undergoes mitosis to form male gametophyte
Generative cell divides to produce ____
Tube cell will form ____

Back 37

microspore
2 sperm cells
pollen tube

Front 38

Each plant species has distinctive shape to ____.
____ gives physical strength and resistance to microbial attack

Back 38

Pollen wall

Front 39

___ - hyper secrete in response to pollen

Back 39

Pollen allergies

Front 40

____ - 2 nuclei, one to the egg and one makes the endosperm.

Back 40

pollen grain

Front 41

Within the ____ - 7 cells and 8 nuclei,
Egg cell lies between 2 sister cells

Back 41

female gametophyte

Front 42

The ____ will enter near the egg cell.

Back 42

pollen tube

Front 43

____, either side of the egg cell,

Back 43

Synergids

Front 44

____ packed in a solid/durable cell that can handle some travel.

Back 44

Male gametophyte

Front 45

____ - after meiosis, end up with one megaspore and 2 polar nuclei, similar to animal meiosis.
All the nutrients etc all packed into the viable egg cell.

Back 45

Female gametophyte

Front 46

____ controls pollen germination -
____ - rejection of too genetically similar pollen

Back 46

Pistil
Self incompatibility

Front 47

Some plants are more prone to ____ than others.

Back 47

self pollination

Front 48

Often have ____ that are present w/in pollen grain. There is a ____ check to if the ____ in the pollen grain match the ones in the stigma, if they are the same the pollen tube is not allowed to grow.

These ____ act as "id tags", if they match likely from the same plant and the pollen tube will grow for a short bit, but then it will be stopped.

Back 48

proteins
proteins
proteins
proteins

Front 49

____, has plug that pushes contents of pollen (cytoplasm, sperm nuclei etc) down to the bottom.

Back 49

Pollen tube

Front 50

The ____ has to go all the way through the style and down to the egg cells.

Back 50

Pollen tube

Front 51

Key idea pollen tube pushes ____ toward the ____ and the ____ to form the zygote and the endosperm.

Back 51

sperm nuclei
egg
polar bodies

Front 52

A pollen tube conveys 2 sperm cells to the ____. Tip growth controlled by tube cell nucleus

Back 52

female gametophyte

Front 53

To deliver sperm to egg cells, the tube must grow from the ____, through the ____, to the ____.

Back 53

stigma
style
ovule

Front 54

Actions after fusion of gametes-
One sperm fuses with egg to produce ____
____ develops into an embryo
The other fuses with the 2 nuclei of the central cell to form first ____ (3n)
Supplies ____ for developing embryo and often seedling

Back 54

zygote
Zygote
endosperm cell
nutritional needs

Front 55

____, ____ and ____ are present in that seed for nutrients for growth.

Back 55

oils
fats
starches

Front 56

____ - stalk that holds the baby embryo in place.

Back 56

Suspensor

Front 57

Type of cotyledons form depend on whether it is a ____ or a ____.

Back 57

monocot
dicot

Front 58

Root meristem, shoot meristem and cotyledons are all waiting for ____.

Back 58

germination

Front 59

Once seeds are ready to go, seeds give ____ to plant for ripening to occur, convert ____ to ____.

Back 59

signal
starches
sugars

Front 60

Fruits occur in diverse forms that ____,
Some dry, others juicy, some release seeds, others do not
Blackberry fruits adapted for ____ dispersal

Back 60

foster dispersal
animal

Front 61

Water has ____ it, and there are ____ involved in breaking the seeds dormancy, sugars are released and then sugars are available to the baby plantlet until it can start producing its own sugars.

Back 61

hydrated
hormones

Front 62

Tough ____ to protect for up to years,
Has ____ available until it has its roots down and shoots out.

Back 62

outer coat
energy

Front 63

Cell division rates rise in cotyledons, then shoot apical meristem.
____ break dormancy by inducing the release of sugars from stored starch
____ used for growth

Back 63

Gibberellins
Sugars